{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T17:03:31Z","timestamp":1775322211131,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis is a parasitic worm infection that affects over 260 million individuals worldwide. Women with schistosome infections have been demonstrated to have a 4-fold increase in the odds of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection compared with women without schistosome infections. A relationship between schistosome and HIV infections has not been clearly defined in men. Among 674 men aged 18\u201350 years living in rural Tanzania, we identified 429 (63.6%) who had a schistosome infection as defined by serum positivity for schistosome circulating anodic antigen, visualization of parasite eggs in urine or stool, or both. HIV infection was identified in 38 (5.6%). The odds of HIV infection was 1.3 [95% confidence interval = 0.6\u20132.5] (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.53) among men with any schistosome infection (<jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>), and it was 1.4 [0.6\u20133.3] (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.43) among men with <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection. Men with <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection were significantly more likely to report the symptom of hemospermia than men without <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection. We conclude that schistosome infections appear to have little to no association with HIV infection in men.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,7]],"date-time":"2017-02-07T02:05:25Z","timestamp":1486433125000},"page":"856-862","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Schistosomiasis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Men in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Downs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York."},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia J.","family":"de Dood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah E.","family":"Dee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"McGeehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hijab","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, New York."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abena","family":"Marenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, Ithaca, New York."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick E.","family":"Adel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Faustine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benson","family":"Issarow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel F.","family":"Kisanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Godfrey Alfred","family":"Kisigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salvius","family":"Ngahyolerwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Zahoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Miyaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research-Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth Gideon","family":"Magawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research-Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Mngara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research-Mwanza Research Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myung Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul L. A. M.","family":"Corstjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Govert J.","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel W.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"ref1","series-title":"chistosomiasis Fact Sheet No. 115","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"364","article-title":"Urogenital schistosomiasis in women of reproductive age in Tanzania's Lake Victoria region","volume":"84","author":"Downs","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"AIDS","first-page":"593","article-title":"Association between genital schistosomiasis and HIV in rural Zimbabwean women","volume":"20","author":"Kjetland","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"868","article-title":"Association of schistosomiasis and HIV infection in Tanzania","volume":"87","author":"Downs","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref5","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"587","article-title":"Co-infection with Schistosoma mansoni and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) among residents of fishing villages of north-western Tanzania","volume":"7","author":"Mazigo","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref6","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"1201","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni and HIV infection in a Ugandan population with high HIV and helminth prevalence","volume":"20","author":"Sanya","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref7","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"241","article-title":"Improved sensitivity of the urine CAA lateral-flow assay for diagnosing active Schistosoma infections by using larger sample volumes","volume":"8","author":"Corstjens","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"515","article-title":"Studies on schistosomiasis in western Kenya: I. Evidence for immune-facilitated excretion of schistosome eggs from patients with Schistosoma mansoni and human immunodeficiency virus coinfections","volume":"56","author":"Karanja","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref9","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"145","article-title":"Epidemiology of HIV and Schistosoma mansoni infections among sugar-estate residents in Ethiopia","volume":"94","author":"Fontanet","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"1190","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni and HIV acquisition in fishing communities of Lake Victoria, Uganda: a nested case-control study","volume":"20","author":"Ssetaala","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref11","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"205","article-title":"Variations in helminth faecal egg counts in Kato\u2013Katz thick smears and their implications in assessing infection status with Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"92","author":"Berhe","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Preventative Chemotherapy in Human Heminthiasis","author":"WHO","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref13","series-title":"National Guidelines for Management of Sexually Transmitted and Reproductive Tract Infections","author":"National Aids Control Programe and Reproductive and Child Health Services","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med","first-page":"549","article-title":"Ultrastructural localization of the circulating anodic antigen in the digestive tract of Schistosoma mansoni using monoclonal antibodies in an immunogold labeling procedure","volume":"35","author":"de Water","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref15","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"408","article-title":"Circulating anodic and cathodic antigen in serum and urine from Schistosoma haematobium-infected Cameroonian children receiving praziquantel: a longitudinal study","volume":"18","author":"Kremsner","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"368","article-title":"Circulating anodic antigen levels in serum before and after chemotherapy with praziquantel in schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"83","author":"de Jonge","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref17","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"1841","article-title":"Tools for diagnosis, monitoring and screening of Schistosoma infections utilizing lateral-flow based assays and upconverting phosphor labels","volume":"141","author":"Corstjens","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref18","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"171","article-title":"Up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow assay for detection of Schistosoma circulating anodic antigen in serum","volume":"46","author":"Corstjens","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref19","series-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol","first-page":"S17","article-title":"Evaluation of diagnostic tests for infectious diseases: general principles","volume":"8","author":"Banoo","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref20","series-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses","first-page":"668","article-title":"Effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection on innate and HIV-1-specific T-cell immune responses in HIV-1-infected Ugandan fisher folk","volume":"32","author":"Obuku","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref21","series-title":"Science","first-page":"573","article-title":"Helminth infection reactivates latent \u03b3-herpesvirus via cytokine competition at a viral promoter","volume":"345","author":"Reese","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref22","series-title":"Science","first-page":"578","article-title":"Virus-helminth coinfection reveals a microbiota-independent mechanism of immunomodulation","volume":"345","author":"Osborne","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref23","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"1751","article-title":"Coinfection with Schistosoma mansoni reactivates viremia in rhesus macaques with chronic simian-human immunodeficiency virus clade C infection","volume":"75","author":"Ayash-Rashkovsky","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref24","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"775","article-title":"Coexistence of urogenital schistosomiasis and sexually transmitted infection in women and men living in an area where Schistosoma haematobium is endemic","volume":"47","author":"Leutscher","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref25","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1054","article-title":"A quantitative post mortem analysis of urinary schistosomiasis in Egypt. I. Pathology and pathogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref26","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1639","article-title":"Increased prevalence of leukocytes and elevated cytokine levels in semen from Schistosoma haematobium-infected individuals","volume":"191","author":"Leutscher","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref27","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1396","article-title":"Examining the relationship between urogenital schistosomiasis and HIV infection","volume":"5","author":"Mbabazi","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref28","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1912","article-title":"Effect of Wuchereria bancrofti infection on HIV incidence in southwest Tanzania (EMINI): a prospective cohort study","volume":"388","author":"Kroidl","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/4\/article-p856.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/4\/article-p856.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/4\/article-p856.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]],"date-time":"2024-08-07T22:35:34Z","timestamp":1723070134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/96\/4\/article-p856.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0897","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]]}}}