{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:15:33Z","timestamp":1790727333124,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Severe floods increase the risk of leptospirosis outbreaks in endemic areas. This study determines the spatial-temporal distribution of leptospirosis in relation to environmental factors after a major flooding event in Kelantan, Malaysia. We conducted an observational ecological study involving incident leptospirosis cases, from the 3 months before, during, and three months after flood, in reference to the severe 2014 Kelantan flooding event. Geographical information system was used to determine the spatial distribution while climatic factors that influenced the cases were also analyzed. A total of 1,229 leptospirosis cases were notified within the three study periods where incidence doubled in the postflood period. Twelve of 66 subdistricts recorded incidence rates of over 100 per 100,000 population in the postflood period, in comparison with only four subdistricts in the preflooding period. Average nearest neighborhood analysis indicated that the cases were more clustered in the postflood period as compared with the preflood period, with observed mean distance of 1,139 meters and 1,666 meters, respectively (both at\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.01). Global Moran\u2019s I was higher in the postflood period (0.19;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.01) as compared with the preflood period (0.06;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.01). Geographic weighted regression showed that living close to water bodies increased the risk of contracting the disease. Postflooding hotspots were concentrated in areas where garbage cleanup occurred and the incidence was significantly associated with temperature, humidity, rainfall, and river levels. Postflooding leptospirosis outbreak was associated with several factors. Understanding the spatial distribution and associated factors of leptospirosis can help improve future disease outbreak management after the floods.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,13]],"date-time":"2018-03-13T03:00:19Z","timestamp":1520910019000},"page":"1281-1295","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Leptospirosis Outbreak After the 2014 Major Flooding Event in Kelantan, Malaysia: A Spatial-Temporal Analysis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Mohd Firdaus","family":"Mohd Radi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;"},{"name":"United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal Hisham","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;"},{"name":"United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Hasni","family":"Jaafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rozita","family":"Hod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norfazilah","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azmawati","family":"Mohammed Nawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gul Muhammad","family":"Baloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Taylor\u2019s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohaida","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kelantan State Health Department, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nur Izzah","family":"Farakhin Ayub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","author":"Azlee","year":"2015"},{"key":"b2","first-page":"1","author":"WHO","year":"2014"},{"key":"b3","author":"WHO","year":"2003"},{"key":"b4","first-page":"83","author":"Lau","year":"2009"},{"key":"b5","first-page":"1","author":"Wahab","year":"2015"},{"key":"b6","first-page":"1","author":"Nations","year":"2015"},{"key":"b7","first-page":"1","author":"WHO","year":"1999"},{"key":"b8","author":"Ministry of Health Malaysia","year":"2011"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Flood Risk Manag","first-page":"189","article-title":"A 100-year maximum flood susceptibility mapping using integrated hydrological and hydrodynamic models: Kelantan River Corridor, Malaysia","volume":"4","author":"Pradhan","year":"2011"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Geogr Anal","first-page":"93","article-title":"Local indicators of spatial association\u2014LISA","volume":"27","author":"Anselin","year":"1995"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"OP Conf. 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