{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T05:44:18Z","timestamp":1783748658245,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mass administration of azithromycin (MDA) is integral to trachoma control. Recent studies suggest that MDA may increase drug-resistant pathogens, yet findings from prior studies suggest little long-term impact on resistance. This disparity may be linked to differences in pre-MDA community-level resistance patterns. We describe carriage prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns for <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (Spn) (nasopharyngeal swab collection), <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (SA) (nasopharyngeal swabs), and <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (EC) (rectal swabs) in 1,047 children ages 1\u201359 months in a district with MDA cessation 4 years ago. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated by disk diffusion and Etest. The carriage rates for Spn, SA, and <jats:italic>EC<\/jats:italic> were 43.5% (455\/1,047), 13.2% (138\/1,047), and 61.7% (646\/1,047), respectively. Resistance to AZM was observed in 14.3%, 29.0%, and 16.6% of the Spn, SA, and EC isolates, respectively. Spn resistance was variable (0\u201367%) by hamlet. Future analyses will assess the influence of pre-MDA antibiotic resistance patterns on those observed following MDA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,4]],"date-time":"2017-07-04T07:00:43Z","timestamp":1499151643000},"page":"815-818","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Antibiotic Resistance in Young Children in Kilosa District, Tanzania 4 Years after Mass Distribution of Azithromycin for Trachoma Control"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Evan M.","family":"Bloch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila K.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasubi","family":"Mabula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerusha","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zakayo","family":"Mrango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research, Kilosa, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Munoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lietman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Francis I Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Coles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"103","article-title":"Weekly oral azithromycin as prophylaxis for agents causing acute respiratory disease","volume":"26","author":"Gray","year":"1998"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"395","article-title":"Adverse and beneficial secondary effects of mass treatment with azithromycin to eliminate blindness due to trachoma in Nepal","volume":"35","author":"Fry","year":"2002"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"341","article-title":"Mass distribution of azithromycin for trachoma control is associated with short-term reduction in risk of acute lower respiratory infection in young children","volume":"31","author":"Coles","year":"2012"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"571","article-title":"The decline of pneumococcal resistance after cessation of mass antibiotic distributions for trachoma","volume":"51","author":"Haug","year":"2010"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1519","article-title":"Mass distribution of azithromycin for trachoma control is associated with increased risk of azithromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in young children 6 months after treatment","volume":"56","author":"Coles","year":"2013"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004352","article-title":"Can We Use Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis as a Surveillance Tool for National Trachoma Control Programs? Results from a District Survey","volume":"10","author":"West","year":"2016"},{"key":"b7","year":"2014"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Int J Epidemiol","first-page":"1105","article-title":"Increased carriage of macrolide-resistant fecal E. coli following mass distribution of azithromycin for trachoma control","volume":"43","author":"Seidman","year":"2014"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother","first-page":"145","article-title":"European harmonization of MIC breakpoints for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria","volume":"52","author":"Kahlmeter","year":"2003"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"356","article-title":"A prospective study of the impact of community-based azithromycin treatment of trachoma on carriage and resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"24","author":"Leach","year":"1997"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"2765","article-title":"Impact of azithromycin administration for trachoma control on the carriage of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"47","author":"Batt","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/97\/3\/article-p815.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/97\/3\/article-p815.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/97\/3\/article-p815.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T16:32:09Z","timestamp":1722443529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/97\/3\/article-p815.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]]}}}