{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T10:31:07Z","timestamp":1790505067986,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Diphtheria is an acute disease caused by exotoxin-producing <jats:italic>Corynebacterium diphtheriae<\/jats:italic>. Globally, diphtheria has been showing a declining trend due to effective childhood vaccination programs. A substantial proportion of global burden of diphtheria is contributed by India. Hospital-based surveillance studies as well as diphtheria outbreaks published in last 20 years (1996\u20132016) indicate that diphtheria cases are frequent among school-going children and adolescents. In some Indian states, Muslim children are affected more. As per the national level health surveys, coverage of three doses of diphtheria vaccine was 80% during 2015\u20132016. Information about coverage of diphtheria boosters is not routinely collected through these surveys, but is expected to be low. Few studies also indicate low diphtheria immunity among school-going children and adults. The strategies for prevention of diphtheria need to focus on improving coverage of primary and booster doses of diphtheria vaccines administered as a part of Universal Immunization Program as well as introducing diphtheria vaccine for school-going children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]],"date-time":"2017-07-03T07:00:46Z","timestamp":1499065246000},"page":"313-318","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Epidemiology of Diphtheria in India, 1996\u20132016: Implications for Prevention and Control"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Manoj","family":"Murhekar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"539","article-title":"Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union: reemergence of a pandemic disease","volume":"4","author":"Vitek","year":"1998"},{"key":"b2","volume":"81","year":"2006"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"S2","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of diphtheria in the vaccine era","volume":"181","author":"Galazka","year":"2000"},{"key":"b4","year":"2016"},{"key":"b5","year":"2005"},{"key":"b6","year":"2000"},{"key":"b7","year":"2007"},{"key":"b8","year":"2016"},{"key":"b9"},{"key":"b10"},{"key":"b11"},{"key":"b12"},{"key":"b13"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"209","article-title":"Diphtheria is declining but continues to kill many children: analysis of data from a sentinel centre in Delhi, 1997","volume":"123","author":"Singh","year":"1999"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"545","article-title":"Bacteriological and epidemiological characteristics of diphtheria cases in and around Delhi: a retrospective study","volume":"126","author":"Sharma","year":"2007"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Indian Pediatr","first-page":"728","article-title":"Diphtheria-down but not out","volume":"37","author":"Singhal","year":"2000"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"204","article-title":"Diphtheria in urban slums in north India","volume":"355","author":"Lodha","year":"2000"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Trop Doct","first-page":"195","article-title":"Post-diphtheritic neuropathy: a clinical study in paediatric intensive care unit of a developing country","volume":"42","author":"Kanwal","year":"2012"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"459","article-title":"Persistence of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR)","volume":"142","author":"Bhagat","year":"2015"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Indian J Community Med","first-page":"161","article-title":"A retrospective study of diphtheria cases, Rajkot, Gujarat","volume":"29","author":"Patel","year":"2004"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Nat J Commun Med","first-page":"196","article-title":"Investigation of an outbreak of diphtheria in Dabela village of Amirgagh taluka and CHC, Banaskantha, Gujarat (current scenario)","volume":"2","author":"Talsania","year":"2011"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Health Threats J","first-page":"22838","article-title":"Emerg Infectious disease burden in Gujarat (2005\u20132011): comparison of selected infectious disease rates with India","volume":"7","author":"Iyer"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Heal","first-page":"75","article-title":"Clinical profile and predictors of poor outcome of hospitalized diphtheria cases in children from Lucknow region of north India","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2014"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Pediatr Sci","first-page":"e188","article-title":"Diphtheria: is it really OUT?","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2013"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"807","article-title":"Diphtheria: the patch remains","volume":"117","author":"Nandi","year":"2003"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"647","article-title":"A diphtheria outbreak in Assam, India","volume":"41","author":"Saikia","year":"2010"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Indian J Community Med","first-page":"436","article-title":"Investigation of an outbreak of diphtheria in borborooah block of dibrugarh district, Assam","volume":"35","author":"Nath","year":"2010"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"J Clin Diagn Res","first-page":"DR01","article-title":"Saikia L3 Paul D. 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