{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:45:35Z","timestamp":1790635535860,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the high case fatality rate (CFR) associated with Ebola virus disease (EVD) is well documented, there are limited data on the actual modes of death. We conducted a retrospective, observational cohort study among patients with laboratory-confirmed EVD. The patients were all seen at the Eternal Love Winning Africa Ebola Treatment Unit in Monrovia, Liberia, from June to August 2014. Our primary objective was to describe the modes of death of our patients and to determine predictors of mortality. Data were available for 53 patients with laboratory-confirmed EVD, with a median age of 35 years. The most frequent presenting symptoms were weakness (91%), fever (81%), and diarrhea (78%). Visible hemorrhage was noted in 25% of the cases. The CFR was 79%. Odds of death were higher in patients with diarrhea (odds ratio = 26.1, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). All patients with hemorrhagic signs died (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). Among the 18 fatal cases for which clinical information was available, three distinct modes of death were observed: sudden death after a moderate disease process (44%), profuse hemorrhage (33%), and encephalopathy (22%). We found that these modes of death varied by age (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04), maximum temperature (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.43), heart rate on admission (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04), time to death from symptom onset (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.13), and duration of hospitalization (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04). Although further study is required, our findings provide a foundation for developing treatment strategies that factor in patients with specific disease phenotypes (which often require the use of aggressive hydration). These findings provide insights into underlying pathogenic mechanisms resulting in severe EVD and suggest direction for future research and development of effective treatment options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]],"date-time":"2018-02-06T07:00:43Z","timestamp":1517900443000},"page":"1186-1193","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Clinical Manifestations and Modes of Death among Patients with Ebola Virus Disease, Monrovia, Liberia, 2014"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Linda M.","family":"Mobula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Disaster Response Unit, Samaritan\u2019s Purse, Boone, North Carolina;"},{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;"},{"name":"Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Nathalie MacDermott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disaster Response Unit, Samaritan\u2019s Purse, Boone, North Carolina;"},{"name":"Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Clive Hoggart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kent","family":"Brantly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disaster Response Unit, Samaritan\u2019s Purse, Boone, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Plyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disaster Response Unit, Samaritan\u2019s Purse, Boone, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eternal Love Winning Africa (ELWA) Hospital, Monrovia, Liberia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bev","family":"Kauffeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disaster Response Unit, Samaritan\u2019s Purse, Boone, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Eisenhut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SIM, Monrovia, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;"},{"name":"Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Fankhauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disaster Response Unit, Samaritan\u2019s Purse, Boone, North Carolina;"},{"name":"SIM, Monrovia, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"S810","article-title":"Basic clinical and laboratory features of filoviral hemorrhagic fever","volume":"204","author":"Kortepeter","year":"2011"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e1001908","article-title":"Use of viremia to evaluate the baseline case fatality ratio of Ebola virus disease and inform treatment studies: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Faye","year":"2015"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"40","article-title":"Clinical presentation of patients with Ebola virus disease in Conakry, 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