{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:44:36Z","timestamp":1792172676886,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Little is known about the epidemiology of human brucellosis in sub-Saharan Africa. This hampers prevention and control efforts at the individual and population levels. To evaluate risk factors for brucellosis in northern Tanzania, we conducted a study of patients presenting with fever to two hospitals in Moshi, Tanzania. Serum taken at enrollment and at 4\u20136 week follow-up was tested by <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> microagglutination test. Among participants with a clinically compatible illness, confirmed brucellosis cases were defined as having a \u2265 4-fold rise in agglutination titer between paired sera or a blood culture positive for <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> spp., and probable brucellosis cases were defined as having a single reciprocal titer \u2265 160. Controls had reciprocal titers &lt; 20 in paired sera. We collected demographic and clinical information and administered a risk factor questionnaire. Of 562 participants in the analysis, 50 (8.9%) had confirmed or probable brucellosis. Multivariable analysis showed that risk factors for brucellosis included assisting goat or sheep births (Odds ratio [OR] 5.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4, 24.6) and having contact with cattle (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0, 1.4). Consuming boiled or pasteurized dairy products was protective against brucellosis (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02, 0.93). No participants received a clinical diagnosis of brucellosis from their healthcare providers. The under-recognition of brucellosis by healthcare workers could be addressed with clinician education and better access to brucellosis diagnostic tests. Interventions focused on protecting livestock keepers, especially those who assist goat or sheep births, are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]],"date-time":"2017-12-12T07:00:43Z","timestamp":1513062043000},"page":"598-606","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Risk Factors for Human Brucellosis in Northern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Shama","family":"Cash-Goldwasser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;"},{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Maze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania;"},{"name":"Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Rubach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania;"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly M.","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn A.","family":"Stoddard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina J.","family":"Sharples","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo E. 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