{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T03:19:27Z","timestamp":1783739967193,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria infections may be symptomatic, leading to treatment, or \u201casymptomatic,\u201d typically detected through active surveillance, and not leading to treatment. Malaria elimination may require purging both types of infection. Using detection methods with different sensitivities, we conducted a cross-sectional study in two rural communities located along the border between China\u2019s Yunnan Province and Myanmar\u2019s Shan and Kachin States, to estimate the prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic malaria. In Mong Pawk, all infections detected were asymptomatic, and the prevalence of <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> was 0.3%, 4.3%, 4.0%, and 7.8% by light microscopy, rapid diagnostic test (RDT), conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR), and multiplexed real-time PCR (RT-PCR), respectively, and <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> prevalence was 0% by all detection methods. In Laiza, of 385 asymptomatic participants, 2.3%, 4.4%, and 12.2% were positive for <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> by microscopy, cPCR, and RT-PCR, respectively, and 2.3% were <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>-positive only by RT-PCR. Of 34 symptomatic participants in Laiza, 32.4% were <jats:italic>P. vivax-<\/jats:italic>positive by all detection methods. Factors associated with infection included gender (males higher than females, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.014), and young age group (5\u201317 age group compared with others, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.0024). Although the sensitivity of microscopy was adequate to detect symptomatic infections, it missed the vast majority (86.5%) of asymptomatic infections. Although molecular detection methods had no advantage over standard microscopy or RDT diagnosis for clinically apparent infections, malaria elimination along the Myanmar\u2013China border will likely require highly sensitive surveillance tools to identify asymptomatic infections and guide targeted screen-and-treat interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,6]],"date-time":"2017-09-06T07:00:32Z","timestamp":1504681232000},"page":"1524-1531","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Prevalence of Clinical and Subclinical Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Two Remote Rural Communities on the Myanmar\u2013China Border"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Fang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"},{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China;"},{"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China;"},{"name":"Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Takala-Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu\u2019er, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu\u2019er, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng-Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Pu\u2019er, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biraj","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Mbambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demian","family":"Rybock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shui-Sen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China;"},{"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China;"},{"name":"Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Gui","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China;"},{"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China;"},{"name":"Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Nong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China;"},{"name":"World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China;"},{"name":"Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher V.","family":"Plowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myaing M.","family":"Nyunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","year":"2015"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"203","article-title":"Striding toward malaria elimination in China","volume":"93","author":"Hsiang","year":"2015"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi","first-page":"347","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges of malaria elimination in China","volume":"23","author":"Qi","year":"2011"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi","first-page":"289","article-title":"New challenges of malaria elimination in China","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2016"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health","first-page":"819","article-title":"The 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Subregion","volume":"40","author":"Delacollette","year":"2009"},{"key":"b24","year":"2015"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"302","article-title":"Malaria baseline survey in four special regions of northern Myanmar near China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2014"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"546","article-title":"Risk factors for border malaria in a malaria elimination setting: a retrospective case-control study in Yunnan, China","volume":"92","author":"Xu","year":"2015"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"368","article-title":"The relationship of malaria between Chinese side and Myanmar\u2019s five special regions along China-Myanmar border: a linear regression analysis","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 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