{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:12:02Z","timestamp":1790417522381,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The 15th natural plague focus in China, the Junggar Basin plague focus, is located near an important communication route connecting China and Central Asia and was discovered after 2005. To characterize the phenotypic and genetic diversity of the <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic> population in this newly established focus, we collected 25 <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> strains from six counties across Junggar Basin in 2005\u20132006, and determined their biochemical features and genotypes based on multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats analysis. We inferred the phylogenetic positions and possible sources of the Junggar strains by comparing their genotypes with the genetic diversity for known representative <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> strains. Our results indicate that the major genotype of Junggar strains belongs to 2.MED1, a lineage of biovar Medievalis with identical biochemical characters and high virulence in mice. Although share a similar ecology, the 2.MED1 in Junggar Basin are not descended from known strains in the neighboring Central Asian Desert plague foci. Therefore, the emergence of the Junggar Basin plague focus is not attributable to the recent clonal spread of <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> from Central Asia. We also identified two distinct minor genotypes in Junggar Basin, one of which clusters genetically with the 0.ANT1 strains of the Tianshan Mountain natural plague focus and another belongs to a 1.IN lineage not previously reported. Our study clarifies the phenotypic and genetic characters of Junggar <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> strains. These findings extend our knowledge of the population diversity of <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> and will facilitate future plague surveillance and prevention in Junggar Basin and adjacent regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]],"date-time":"2017-10-24T07:00:37Z","timestamp":1508828437000},"page":"231-237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Phenotypic and Molecular Genetic Characteristics of Yersinia pestis at an Emerging Natural Plague Focus, Junggar Basin, China"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Yujiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, P. R. China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, P. R. China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xihong","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, P. R. China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, P. R. China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, P. R. China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingde","family":"Buren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, P. R. China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruifu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanli","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, P. R. China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujun","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, P. R. China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"35","article-title":"Yersinia pestis\u2014etiologic agent of plague","volume":"10","author":"Perry","year":"1997"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Med","first-page":"e3","article-title":"Plague: past, present, and future","volume":"5","author":"Stenseth","year":"2008"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol","first-page":"197","article-title":"The evolution of flea-borne transmission in Yersinia pestis","volume":"7","author":"Hinnebusch","year":"2005"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1907","article-title":"Poor vector competence of fleas and the evolution of hypervirulence in Yersinia pestis","volume":"191","author":"Lorange","year":"2005"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"571","article-title":"Early divergent strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 years ago","volume":"163","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2015"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Nat Genet","first-page":"1140","article-title":"Yersinia pestis genome sequencing identifies patterns of global phylogenetic diversity","volume":"42","author":"Morelli","year":"2010"},{"key":"b7","author":"Wang","year":"1981"},{"key":"b8","first-page":"25","author":"WHO","year":"2000"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Endemic Dis Bull","first-page":"57","article-title":"Outline of investigation on plague natural focus of Rhombomys opimus in Junggar Basin, Xinjiang","volume":"22","author":"Xin","year":"2007"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi","first-page":"136","article-title":"Study on the situation of plague in Junggar Basin of China","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2008"},{"key":"b11","author":"Ji","year":"1988"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e46820","article-title":"Dynamics of Yersinia pestis and its antibody response in great gerbils (Rhombomys opimus) by subcutaneous infection","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2012"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"256","article-title":"Transmission efficiency of the plague pathogen (Y. pestis) by the flea, Xenopsylla skrjabini, to mice and great gerbils","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2015"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e6000","article-title":"Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of Yersinia pestis by MLVA: insights into the worldwide expansion of central Asia plague foci","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2009"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e66567","article-title":"Features of variable number of tandem repeats in Yersinia pestis and the development of a hierarchical genotyping scheme","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2013"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e2652","article-title":"Insight into microevolution of Yersinia pestis by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats","volume":"3","author":"Cui","year":"2008"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"577","article-title":"Historical variations in mutation rate in an epidemic pathogen, Yersinia pestis","volume":"110","author":"Cui","year":"2013"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Biochimie","first-page":"660","article-title":"On-line resources for bacterial micro-evolution studies using MLVA or CRISPR typing","volume":"90","author":"Grissa","year":"2008"},{"key":"b19","author":"Liu","year":"2008"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"BMC Microbiol","first-page":"22","article-title":"Tandem repeats analysis for the high resolution phylogenetic analysis of Yersinia pestis","volume":"4","author":"Pourcel","year":"2004"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"247","article-title":"Varieties of Pasteurella pestis; 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