{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:09:12Z","timestamp":1790730552741,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent epidemiological studies have documented an inverse relationship between the decreasing prevalence of helminth infections and the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases (\u201cmetabolic hygiene hypothesis\u201d). Chronic inflammation leading to insulin resistance (IR) has now been identified as a major etiological factor for a variety of metabolic diseases other than obesity and Type-2 diabetes (metainflammation). One way by which helminth infections such as filariasis can modulate IR is by inducing a chronic, nonspecific, low-grade, immune suppression mediated by modified T-helper 2 (Th2) response (induction of both Th2 and regulatory T cells) which can in turn suppress the proinflammatory responses and promote insulin sensitivity (IS). This article provides evidence on how the cross talk between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune responses can modulate IR\/sensitivity. The cross talk between innate (macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, myeloid derived suppressor cells, innate lymphoid cells, basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) and adaptive (helper T [CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] cells, cytotoxic T [CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>] cells and B cells) immune cells forms two opposing circuits, one associated with IR and the other associated with IS under the conditions of metabolic syndrome and helminth-mediated immunomodulation, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]],"date-time":"2017-10-31T07:00:22Z","timestamp":1509433222000},"page":"1650-1661","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Cell Type-Specific Immunomodulation Induced by Helminthes: Effect on Metainflammation, Insulin Resistance and Type-2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Vivekanandhan","family":"Aravindhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Dr ALM PG IBMS, University of Madras, Chennai, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gowrishankar","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus of Anna University, Chennai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Obes Rev","first-page":"57","article-title":"Redefining type 2 diabetes: \u2018diabesity\u2019 or \u2018obesity dependent diabetes mellitus\u2019?","volume":"1","author":"Astrup","year":"2000"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"860","article-title":"Inflammation and metabolic disorders","volume":"444","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"2006"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Clin Invest","first-page":"2111","article-title":"Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease","volume":"121","author":"Lumeng","year":"2011"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J Diabetes Res","first-page":"6264149","article-title":"Metainflammation in diabetic coronary artery disease: emerging role of innate and adaptive immune responses","volume":"2016","author":"Aravindhan","year":"2016"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag","first-page":"55","article-title":"Endothelial cell dysfunction and the vascular complications associated with type 2 diabetes: assessing the health of the endothelium","volume":"1","author":"Ding","year":"2005"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Am J Manag Care","first-page":"S635","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease: understanding the role of insulin resistance","volume":"8","author":"Kendall","year":"2002"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes","first-page":"113","article-title":"Genetics of insulin resistance","volume":"107","author":"Pedersen","year":"1999"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Diabetes","first-page":"1595","article-title":"Banting lecture 1988. 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