{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T06:57:12Z","timestamp":1779173832250,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Entomological measures of transmission are important metrics specified by the World Health Organization to document the suppression and interruption of transmission of <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>, the causative agent of onchocerciasis. These metrics require testing of large numbers of vector black flies. Black fly collection has relied on human landing collections, which are inefficient and potentially hazardous. As the focus of the international community has shifted from onchocerciasis control to elimination, replacement of human landing collections has become a priority. The Esperanza window trap (EWT) has shown promise as an alternative method for collection of <jats:italic>Simulium damnosum<\/jats:italic> s.l., the primary vector of <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic> in Africa. Here, we report the results of a community-based trial of the EWT in northern Uganda. Traps operated by residents were compared with human landing collections in two communities over 5 months. Three traps, when operated by a single village resident, collected over four times as many <jats:italic>S. damnosum<\/jats:italic> as did the two-men collection team. No significant differences were noted among the bait formulations. The results suggest that EWTs may be effectively operated by community residents and that the trap represents a viable alternative to human landing collections for entomological surveillance of <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic> transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,12]],"date-time":"2017-10-12T06:03:13Z","timestamp":1507788193000},"page":"1235-1242","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Evaluation of Community-Directed Operation of Black Fly Traps for Entomological Surveillance of Onchocerca volvulus Transmission in the Madi-Mid North Focus of Onchocerciasis in Northern Uganda"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Denis","family":"Loum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nwoya District Local Government, Nwoya, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles R.","family":"Katholi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomson","family":"Lakwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peace","family":"Habomugisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Carter Center, Uganda Office, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edridah M.","family":"Tukahebwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Control Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Unnasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Infectious Disease Research, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"525","article-title":"The burden of blindness in adult males in the savanna villages of West Africa exposed to onchocerciasis","volume":"80","author":"Prost","year":"1986"},{"key":"b2","year":"1995"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"283","article-title":"Onchocerciasis: the clinical and epidemiological burden of skin disease in Africa","volume":"96","author":"Murdoch","year":"2002"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e114","article-title":"Measuring the burden of neglected tropical diseases: the global burden of disease framework","volume":"1","author":"Mathers","year":"2007"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"25","article-title":"The Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas (OEPA)","volume":"102","author":"Sauerbrey","year":"2008"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"133","article-title":"Comparison of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine in the treatment of onchocerciasis","volume":"313","author":"Greene","year":"1985"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"463","article-title":"Controlled trail and dose finding study of ivermectin for the treatment of onchocerciasis","volume":"156","author":"White","year":"1987"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Tropenmed Parasitol","first-page":"367","article-title":"A community trial of ivermectin in the onchocerciasis focus of Asubende, Ghana. 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