{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T03:18:14Z","timestamp":1779333494631,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cholera, caused by <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>, remains a global threat to public health. In Myanmar, the availability of published information on the occurrence of the disease is scarce. We report here that cholera incidence in Mandalay generally exhibited a single annual peak, with an annual average of 312 patients with severe dehydration over the past 5 years (since 2011) and was closely associated with the rainy season. We analyzed cholera outbreaks, characterized 67 isolates of <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> serogroup O1 in 2015 from patients from Mandalay, and compared them with 22 <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> O1 isolates (12 from Mandalay and 10 from Yangon) in 2014. The isolates carried the classical cholera toxin B subunit (<jats:italic>ctxB<\/jats:italic>), the toxin-coregulated pilus A (<jats:italic>tcpA<\/jats:italic>) of Haitian type, and repeat sequence transcriptional regulator (<jats:italic>rstR<\/jats:italic>) of El Tor type. Two molecular typing methods, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), differentiated the 89 isolates into seven pulsotypes and 15 MLVA profiles. Pulsotype Y15 and one MLVA profile (11, 7, 7, 16, 7) were predominantly found in the isolates from cholera outbreaks in Mandalay, 2015. Pulsotypes Y11, Y12, and Y15 with some MLVA profiles were detected in the isolates from two remote areas, Mandalay and Yangon, with temporal changes. These data suggested that cholera spread from the seaside to the inland area in Myanmar.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,15]],"date-time":"2017-08-15T07:00:35Z","timestamp":1502780435000},"page":"1323-1328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Molecular Epidemiology of Cholera Outbreaks during the Rainy Season in Mandalay, Myanmar"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Amonrattana","family":"Roobthaisong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Bacterial Infections, Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuhisa","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Bacterial Infections, Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand;"},{"name":"Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nilar","family":"Htun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Medicine, Mandalay, Myanmar;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wah Wah","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Molecular Research Centre, Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Warawan","family":"Wongboot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Bacterial Infections, Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Watcharaporn","family":"Kamjumphol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Bacterial Infections, Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Nonthaburi, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aye Aye","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Medicine, Mandalay, Myanmar;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Laboratory, Mandalay, Myanmar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeyuki","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"223","article-title":"Cholera","volume":"363","author":"Sack","year":"2004"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"695","article-title":"Biotyping of Vibrio cholerae O1: time to redefine the 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