{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T10:28:43Z","timestamp":1789036123889,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Children in poor environmental conditions are exposed early and often to enteric pathogens, but within developing countries, heterogeneity in enteropathogen exposure in different settings and communities is rarely addressed. We tested fecal samples from healthy infants and children from two different environments in the same Indian town for gut enteropathogens and biomarkers of gut inflammation. A significantly higher proportion of infants and children from a poor semi-urban neighborhood (93%) had one or more enteropathogens than those from a medical college campus (71.7%). Infants and children from the poor neighborhood had an average of 3.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.9\u20133.7) enteropathogens compared with an average of 1.4 (95% CI: 1.0\u20131.7) enteropathogens in campus infants\/children. Viral and bacterial infections, including enteroviruses, adenoviruses, <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> spp., and diarrhegenic <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> were more common and fecal biomarkers of inflammation were higher in the poor neighborhood. The findings demonstrate significant difference in the asymptomatic carriage of gut enteropathogens and gut inflammatory biomarkers in infants and children from two different environments within the same town in south India.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]],"date-time":"2017-12-12T07:00:42Z","timestamp":1513062042000},"page":"576-580","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Enteropathogens and Gut Inflammation in Asymptomatic Infants and Children in Different Environments in Southern India"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Ira","family":"Praharaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Revathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rini","family":"Bandyopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blossom","family":"Benny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Azharuddin KO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric R.","family":"Houpt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gagandeep","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200110000-00009","article-title":"Tropical enteropathy: a T-cell-mediated crypt hyperplastic enteropathy","volume":"13","author":"Vetich","year":"2001"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0743","article-title":"Enteropathies in the developing world: neglected effects on global health","volume":"86","author":"Prendergast","year":"2012"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"S193","article-title":"The MAL-ED study: a multinational and multidisciplinary approach to understand the relationship between enteric pathogens, malnutrition, gut physiology, physical growth, cognitive development, and immune responses in infants and children up to 2 years of age in resource-poor environments","volume":"59","author":"The MAL-ED Network Investigators","year":"2014"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S239","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu457","article-title":"Assessment of environmental enteropathy in the MAL-ED cohort study: theoretical and analytic framework","volume":"59","author":"Kosek","year":"2014"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4639-00318","article-title":"Water contamination in urban south India: household storage practices and their implications for water safety and enteric infections","volume":"207","author":"Brick","year":"2004"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3036","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814003562","article-title":"Environmental predictors of diarrhoeal infection for rural and urban communities in south India in children and adults","volume":"143","author":"Kattula","year":"2015"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S295","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu390","article-title":"Establishment of the MAL-ED birth cohort study site in Vellore, southern India","volume":"59","author":"John","year":"2014"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02658-12","article-title":"A laboratory-developed TaqMan array card for simultaneous detection of 19 enteropathogens","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2013"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit507","article-title":"Etiology of diarrhea in Bangladeshi infants in the first year of life analyzed using molecular methods","volume":"208","author":"Taniuchi","year":"2013"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"J Diarrhoeal Dis Res","first-page":"186","article-title":"Transmission factors and socioeconomic status as determinants of diarrheal incidence in Lima, Peru","volume":"9","author":"Yeager","year":"1991"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"BMC Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-129","article-title":"Fecal calprotectin levels are higher in rural than in urban Chinese infants and negatively associated with growth","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2012"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"J Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit509","article-title":"The intestinal pathobiome: its reality and consequences among infants and young children in resource-limited settings","volume":"208","author":"Ryan","year":"2013"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140143","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0143","article-title":"Exploring the role of environmental enteropathy in malnutrition, infant development and oral vaccine response","volume":"370","author":"Gilmartin","year":"2015"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Int J Epidemiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp333","article-title":"Predictors of sub-clinical enterovirus infections in infants: a prospective cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Witso","year":"2010"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S303","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis789","article-title":"Factors that explain excretion of enteric pathogens by persons without diarrhea","volume":"55","author":"Levine","year":"2012"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0111","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia in humans, domestic animals, and village water sources in rural India","volume":"93","author":"Daniels","year":"2015"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a Prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00151-5","article-title":"Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED)","volume":"3","author":"Platts-Mills","year":"2015"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0496","article-title":"Dynamics and trends in fecal biomarkers of gut function in children from 1\u201324 months in the MAL-ED Study","volume":"96","author":"McCormick","year":"2017"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2013.879732","article-title":"Fecal calprotectin in healthy children","volume":"74","author":"Oord","year":"2014"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"PLoS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0160706","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160706","article-title":"A comparison of socio-economic scales evaluated against childhood stunting","volume":"11","author":"Kattula","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/98\/2\/article-p576.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/98\/2\/article-p576.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/98\/2\/article-p576.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T23:05:46Z","timestamp":1722467146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/98\/2\/article-p576.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0324","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]]}}}