{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T23:40:15Z","timestamp":1722469215250},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Flubendazole (FLBZ) is a potent and efficacious macrofilaricide after parenteral administration. Studies in animal models and one trial in patients infected with <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic> revealed that FLBZ elicits minimal effects on microfilariae (mf). Severe complications after ivermectin (IVM) treatment of patients with high <jats:italic>Loa loa<\/jats:italic> microfilaraemia are of great concern. We examined the potential of FLBZ to rapidly kill <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> mf, the phenomenon proposed to underlie the complications. Mf of <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> were exposed to FLBZ, its reduced metabolite, albendazole, or IVM in vitro. Viability of <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> mf was unaffected by FLBZ (10 \u03bcM, 72 hours); similar results were obtained with mf of <jats:italic>Brugia malayi.<\/jats:italic> We also measured the effects of FLBZ on transmission of mf. <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> were fed FLBZ-exposed <jats:italic>B. malayi<\/jats:italic> mf and dissected 24 hours or 14 days postfeeding to count mf that crossed the midgut and developed to infective L<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. FLBZ impaired the ability of mf to cross the midgut, regardless of duration of exposure (\u2265 2 hours). FLBZ also prevented the development of mf to L<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>s, irrespective of duration of exposure or concentration. FLBZ is not microfilaricidal under these conditions; however, it blocks transmission. These results support the possibility that FLBZ may be a useful macrofilaricide in loiasis regions and may limit transmission from treated individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,31]],"date-time":"2017-10-31T07:00:44Z","timestamp":1509433244000},"page":"21-26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Potential Role for Flubendazole in Limiting Filariasis Transmission: Observations of Microfilarial Sensitivity"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Maeghan","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jelil Abdel","family":"Njouendou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Research Foundation for Tropical Disease and Environment (REFOTDE), Parasites and Vector Biology Research Unit, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Dzimianski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Filariasis Research Reagent Resource Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Burkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Filariasis Research Reagent Resource Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick Chouna","family":"Ndongmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Research Foundation for Tropical Disease and Environment (REFOTDE), Parasites and Vector Biology Research Unit, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas A.","family":"Kengne-Ouafo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Research Foundation for Tropical Disease and Environment (REFOTDE), Parasites and Vector Biology Research Unit, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Wanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Research Foundation for Tropical Disease and Environment (REFOTDE), Parasites and Vector Biology Research Unit, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Moorhead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Filariasis Research Reagent Resource Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles D.","family":"Mackenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy G.","family":"Geary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1210","article-title":"The geographic distribution of Loa loa in Africa: results of large scale implementation of the Rapid Assessment Procedure for Loiasis (RAPLOA)","volume":"5","author":"Zoure","year":"2011"},{"year":"2015","author":"World Health Organization","key":"b2"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"353","article-title":"Loa loa\u2014does it deserve to be neglected?","volume":"14","author":"Metzger","year":"2014"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"593","article-title":"Marked decreaes in the Loa loa microfilaraemia six and 12 months after a single dose of ivermectin","volume":"91","author":"Gardon","year":"1997"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Filaria J","first-page":"S4","article-title":"Clinical picture, epidemiology and outcome of Loa-associated serious adverse events related to mass ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis","volume":"2","author":"Boussinesq","year":"2003"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"18","article-title":"Serious reactions after mass treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in an area endemic for Loa loa infection","volume":"350","author":"Gardon","year":"1997"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"495","article-title":"Relationships between the prevalence and intensity of Loa loa infection in the central province of Cameroon","volume":"95","author":"Boussinesq","year":"2001"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"461","article-title":"Three probable cases of Loa loa encephalopathy following ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis","volume":"58","author":"Boussinesq","year":"1998"},{"year":"2012","author":"World Health Organization","key":"b9"},{"year":"2014","key":"b10"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1329","article-title":"Flubendazole: dose range and efficacy studies against common internal parasites of swine","volume":"44","author":"Bradley","year":"1983"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Parasitol Today","first-page":"106","article-title":"Benzimidazoles in a wormy world","volume":"6","author":"Horton","year":"1990"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Clin Ther","first-page":"285","article-title":"Flubendazole and mebendazole in the treatment of trichuriasis and other helminthiases","volume":"4","author":"Yangco","year":"1981"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"668","article-title":"The anthelmintic effects of flubendazole on Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides","volume":"77","author":"Kan","year":"1983"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther","first-page":"497","article-title":"Flubendazole: a candidate macrofilaricide for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis field programs","volume":"9","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2011"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"221","article-title":"Experimental chemotherapy of filaiasis: comparative evaluation of the efficacy of filaricidal compounds in Mastomys coucha infected with Litomosoides carinii, Acanthocheilonema viteae, Brugia malayi and B. pahangi","volume":"52","author":"Zahner","year":"1993"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"673","article-title":"The anthelmintic effects of flubendazole on Brugia pahangi","volume":"73","author":"Denham","year":"1979"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"306","article-title":"Antifilarial activity of mebendazole and flubendazole on Breinlia booliati","volume":"75","author":"Mak","year":"1981"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"139","article-title":"Comparison of flubendazole and diethylcarbamazine in treatment of onchocerciasis","volume":"1","author":"Dominguez-Vazquez","year":"1983"},{"year":"2014","author":"Anonymous","key":"b20"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2838","article-title":"Exploring the potential of flubendazole in filariasis control: evaluation of the systemic exposure for different pharmaceutical preparations","volume":"8","author":"Ceballos","year":"2014"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Reprod Toxicol","first-page":"78","article-title":"Effects of the benzimidazole anthelmintic drug flubendazole on rat embryos in vitro","volume":"36","author":"Longo","year":"2013"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","first-page":"259","article-title":"Brugia malayi and Brugia pahangi: transmission blocking activity of ivermectin and brugian filarial infections in Aedes aegypti","volume":"71","author":"Rao","year":"1990"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004202","article-title":"Parasitological, hematological and biochemical characteristics of a model of hyper-microfilariaemic Loiasis (Loa loa) in the baboon (Papio anubis)","volume":"9","author":"Wanji","year":"2015"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e326","article-title":"Stage- and gender-specific proteomic analysis of Brugia malayi excretory-secretory products","volume":"2","author":"Moreno","year":"2008"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e410","article-title":"Brugia malayi excreted\/secreted proteins at the host\/parasite interface: stage- and gender-specific proteomic profiling","volume":"3","author":"Bennuru","year":"2009"},{"year":"2013","author":"World Health Organization","key":"b27"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist","first-page":"135","article-title":"In vitro flubendazole-induced damage to vital tissues in adult females of the filarial nematode Brugia malayi","volume":"5","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2015"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"401","article-title":"Fine-structure alterations in female Brugia malayi and Litomosoides carinii after in vivo treatment with flubendazole","volume":"76","author":"Franz","year":"1990"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot","first-page":"105","article-title":"Secondary effects of the treatment of hypermicrofilaremic loiasis using ivermectin","volume":"88","author":"Ducorps","year":"1995"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","first-page":"394","article-title":"Brugia malayi: in vitro effects of ivermectin and moxidectin on adults and microfilariae","volume":"124","author":"Tompkins","year":"2010"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"20120","article-title":"Ivermectin disrupts the function of the excretory-secretory apparatus in microfilariae of Brugia malayi","volume":"107","author":"Moreno","year":"2010"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Filaria J","first-page":"4","article-title":"Diethylcarbamazine activity against Brugia malayi microfilariae is dependent on inducible nitric-oxide synthase and the cyclooxygenase pathway","volume":"4","author":"McGarry","year":"2005"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Chemotherapy","first-page":"295","article-title":"Nematodicidal activity of flubendazole and its reduced metabolite on a murine model of Trichinella spiralis infection","volume":"58","author":"Urbizu","year":"2012"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"749","article-title":"Behavior of microfilariae of Brugia pahangi in Anopheles quadrimaculatus","volume":"11","author":"Esslinger","year":"1962"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Trans Am Microsc Soc","first-page":"423","article-title":"Brugia pahangi: exsheathment and midgut penetration in Aedes aegypti","volume":"103","author":"Christensen","year":"1984"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"J Invertebr Pathol","first-page":"117","article-title":"Penetration of mosquito midgut wall by sheathed microfilariae","volume":"45","author":"Agudelo-Silva","year":"1985"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"J Helminthol","first-page":"155","article-title":"The infectivity of microfilariae of Brugia pahangi of different ages to Aedes aegypti","volume":"56","author":"Hollanda","year":"1982"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"227","article-title":"Use of microarray hybridization to identify Brugia genes involved in mosquito infectivity","volume":"106","author":"Griffiths","year":"2009"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"227","article-title":"The exsheathment of Brugia pahangi microfilariae under controlled conditions in vitro","volume":"73","author":"Devaney","year":"1979"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"70","article-title":"Functional and antigenic maturation of Brugia malayi microfilariae","volume":"36","author":"Fuhrman","year":"1987"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"Biochem Pharmacol","first-page":"3035","article-title":"Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase secretion from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis by benzimidazole anthelmintics","volume":"31","author":"Watts","year":"1982"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"Life Sci","first-page":"747","article-title":"Secretory cholinesterase of Ancylostoma ceylanicum: effect of tubulin binding agents and benzimidazole anthelmintics","volume":"50","author":"Tekwani","year":"1992"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e4698","article-title":"An in vitro\/in vivo model to analyze the effects of flubendazole exposure on adult female Brugia malayi","volume":"10","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/98\/1\/article-p21.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/98\/1\/article-p21.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/98\/1\/article-p21.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T22:58:07Z","timestamp":1722466687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/98\/1\/article-p21.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0390","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]}}}