{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:11:25Z","timestamp":1790475085786,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) is an important emerging flavivirus in North America. Experimental studies in animals infer the development of persistent infection in the kidneys. In humans, recent studies suggest the possibility of persistent renal infection and chronic kidney disease. Considering the discrepancies between published studies on viral RNA detection in urine of convalescing WNV-positive patients, we explored the use of electron microscopy (EM) with anti-WNV E protein antibody immunogold labeling to detect virus in the urine sediment from a subset of study participants in the Houston WNV cohort. In 42% of evaluated study participants had visible sediment present in urine after centrifugation; viral particles consistent with the size and morphology of WNV were successfully detected using EM in the urine sediment up to 9 years postinfection. The anti-WNV immunogold labeling bound to virus envelope in the sediment allowed for enhanced detection when compared with PCR and provide a new technique for understanding kidney disease in WNV patients. These results provide further evidence of persistent infection in at least a subset of individuals infected with WNV. These findings present a novel tool to diagnose persistent WNV infection and its possible link with progressive renal pathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,24]],"date-time":"2017-10-24T03:00:29Z","timestamp":1508814029000},"page":"1913-1919","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Visualization of West Nile Virus in Urine Sediment using Electron Microscopy and Immunogold up to Nine Years Postinfection"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Kristy O.","family":"Murray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Kolodziej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center, Medical School, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon E.","family":"Ronca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodion","family":"Gorchakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center, Medical School, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa S.","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Podoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center, Medical School, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Finkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center, Medical School, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sreedhar","family":"Mandayam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"591","article-title":"Estimated cumulative incidence of West Nile virus infection in US adults, 1999\u20132010","volume":"141","author":"Petersen","year":"2013"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e10649","article-title":"Persistence of West Nile virus in the central nervous system and periphery of mice","volume":"5","author":"Appler","year":"2010"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Arch Virol","first-page":"71","article-title":"Study on West Nile virus persistence in monkeys","volume":"75","author":"Pogodina","year":"1983"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"4251","article-title":"Persistent West Nile virus associated with a neurological sequela in hamsters identified by motor unit number estimation","volume":"83","author":"Siddharthan","year":"2009"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Infect 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after acute West Nile virus disease","volume":"203","author":"Gibney","year":"2011"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1476","article-title":"Evaluation for West Nile virus (WNV) RNA in urine of patients within 5 months of WNV infection","volume":"205","author":"Baty","year":"2012"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1086","article-title":"Excretion of West Nile virus in urine during acute infection","volume":"208","author":"Barzon","year":"2013"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3411","article-title":"Isolation of West Nile virus from urine samples of patients with acute infection","volume":"52","author":"Barzon","year":"2014"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"1625","article-title":"Prospective investigation of the impact of West Nile virus infections in renal diseases","volume":"87","author":"Ergunay","year":"2015"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Arch 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immunoglobulin m cross-reactions in differential diagnosis of human flaviviral encephalitis infections in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Martin","year":"2002"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"676","article-title":"The 2002 introduction of West Nile virus into Harris County, Texas, an area historically endemic for St. Louis encephalitis","volume":"70","author":"Lillibridge","year":"2004"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2759","article-title":"Use of a recombinant envelope protein subunit antigen for specific serological diagnosis of West Nile virus infection","volume":"42","author":"Beasley","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 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