{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T19:14:36Z","timestamp":1769973276350,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging evidence indicates that migrants from <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> endemic regions are at risk of delayed presentation of <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> malaria. We report three cases of <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> malaria occurring years after arrival in Europe. All patients were originally from Sub-Saharan Africa. Two subjects had controlled human immunodeficiency virus infection and one was a pregnant woman. We performed a literature review of all published cases of delayed presentation of <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> in migrants and identified 32 additional cases. All cases but one originate from sub-Saharan Africa. There was a median time of 36 months between the last visit to a malaria-endemic country and clinical malaria (range: 3 months to 10 years). Pregnancy was the most frequently reported risk factor (11\/35 or 31.4%). Parasitemia was \u2264 0.1% in 38% of cases (11\/29 reported), and no death was reported. The underlying possible mechanisms for this delayed presentation in migrants from an endemic area probably include the persistence of submicroscopic parasitemia combined with decaying <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\u2013specific immunity. Suspicion of <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> delayed malaria should remain high in migrants, mainly from sub-Saharan Africa, even without a recent travel history, especially in those presenting risk factors for impaired parasite clearance or distinct immune responses such as pregnancy and HIV infection. In these patients, new prevention and screening strategies should be studied and blood safety policies adapted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]],"date-time":"2018-02-27T07:00:38Z","timestamp":1519714838000},"page":"1102-1106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Case Report: Delayed or Recurrent Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Migrants: A Report of Three Cases with a Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Dauby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CHU Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Figueiredo Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, CHU Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Konopnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CHU Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vo Thanh Phuong","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Department, LHUB-ULB, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Cantinieaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Department, LHUB-ULB, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CHU Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Illness in travelers visiting friends and relatives: a review of the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network","volume":"43","author":"Leder","year":"2006"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1510","article-title":"Delayed onset of malaria\u2014implications for chemoprophylaxis in travelers","volume":"349","author":"Schwartz","year":"2003"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"323","article-title":"Prolonged Plasmodium falciparum infection in immigrants, Paris","volume":"14","author":"D\u2019Ortenzio","year":"2008"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Travel Med","first-page":"380","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnant African immigrants often goes 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