{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T14:14:17Z","timestamp":1784988857945,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Milk vending machines (MVMs) are growing in popularity in Kenya and worldwide. Milk vending machines dispense varying quantities of locally sourced, pasteurized milk. The Kenya Dairy Board has a regulatory framework, but surveillance is weak because of several factors. Milk vending machines\u2019 milk is not routinely screened for antibiotics, thereby increasing potential for antibiotic misuse. To investigate, a total of 80 milk samples from four commercial providers (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 25), street vendors (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 21), and three MVMs (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 34) were collected and screened in Eldoret, Kenya. Antibiotic residue surveillance occurred during December 2016 and January 2017 using Idexx SNAP<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> tests for tetracyclines, sulfamethazine, beta-lactams, and gentamicin. Overall, 24% of MVM samples and 24% of street vendor samples were presumably positive for at least one antibiotic. No commercial samples were positive. Research into cost-effective screening methods and increased monitoring by food safety agencies are needed to uphold hazard analysis and critical control point for improving antibiotic stewardship throughout the Kenyan private dairy industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]],"date-time":"2018-03-20T07:00:55Z","timestamp":1521529255000},"page":"1520-1522","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Antibiotic Residues in Milk from Three Popular Kenyan Milk Vending Machines"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Amos","family":"Kosgey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Master of Public Health Program, Department of Environmental Health Science, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anakalo","family":"Shitandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Extension Office, Kisii University, Kisii, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason W.","family":"Marion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master of Public Health Program, Department of Environmental Health Science, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Environ Health Perspect","first-page":"993","article-title":"Human health risk assessment (HHRA) for environmental development and transfer of antibiotic resistance","volume":"121","author":"Ashbolt","year":"2013"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents","first-page":"295","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens in Central Africa: a review of the published literature between 1955 and 2008","volume":"34","author":"Vlieghe","year":"2009"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"692","article-title":"Non-prescription antimicrobial 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