{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:05:46Z","timestamp":1792652746547,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, is the third most common opportunistic disease in immunosuppressed patients, such as those affected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Although the reports have been characterized as <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\/HIV coinfections, the occurrence of a mixed infection by two <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> species in HIV-positive patients is rare. Here, we present an atypical case of disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) in a 26-year-old HIV-positive man. The diagnosis of DCL was established using skin biopsy and histopathology examinations and confirmed by molecular techniques. This is the first case of a <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\/HIV coinfection due to a mixed infection of <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic> in Iran.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,21]],"date-time":"2017-11-21T07:01:36Z","timestamp":1511247696000},"page":"122-125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Case Report: First Coinfection Report of Mixed Leishmania infantum\/Leishmania major and Human Immunodeficiency Virus\u2013Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome: Report of a Case of Disseminated Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Alireza","family":"Badirzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Mohebali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;"},{"name":"Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Sabzevari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector-Born Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Science, Bojnurd, Iran;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Ghafoori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kourosh","family":"Arzamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector-Born Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Science, Bojnurd, Iran;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Seyyedin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Ahmad","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector-Born Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Science, Bojnurd, Iran;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Iran J Parasitol","first-page":"348","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: review of the epidemiological and clinical features","volume":"8","author":"Mohebali","year":"2013"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0005774","article-title":"Arginase activity in pathogenic and non-pathogenic species of Leishmania parasites","volume":"11","author":"Badirzadeh","year":"2017"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Dis","first-page":"513","article-title":"The burden of leishmaniasis in Iran, acquired from the global burden of disease during 1990\u20132010","volume":"7","author":"Badirzadeh","year":"2017"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Parasite Immunol","first-page":"599","article-title":"Enhanced paromomycin efficacy by solid lipid nanoparticle formulation against Leishmania in mice model","volume":"38","author":"Heidari-Kharaji","year":"2016"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Parasite Immunol","first-page":"e12461","article-title":"Leishmania tarentolae expressing CXCL-10 as an efficient immunotherapy approach against Leishmania major-infected BALB\/c mice","volume":"39","author":"Montakhab-Yeganeh","year":"2017"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Pathog Glob Health","first-page":"194","article-title":"Cutaneous and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis, northwestern Iran 2002\u20132011: a case series","volume":"107","author":"Badirzadeh","year":"2013"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"East Mediterr Health","first-page":"340","article-title":"Disseminated leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in HIV-positive patients in the Islamic Republic of Iran","volume":"16","author":"Jafari","year":"2010"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Int J Dermatol","first-page":"59","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis associated with visceral leishmaniasis in a case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)","volume":"48","author":"Pourahmad","year":"2009"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"840","article-title":"Severe cutaneous leishmaniasis in a human immunodeficiency virus patient coinfected with Leishmania braziliensis and its endosymbiotic virus","volume":"94","author":"Parmentier","year":"2016"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Case Rep Infect Dis","first-page":"563851","article-title":"Presentation of AIDS with disseminated cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Iran","volume":"2015","author":"Davarpanah","year":"2015"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Iran J Public Health","first-page":"54","article-title":"Diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania species in Giemsa-stained slides by PCR-RFLP","volume":"37","author":"Kazemi-Rad","year":"2008"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Parasite Immunol","first-page":"e12454","article-title":"Arginase activity of Leishmania isolated from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"39","author":"Badirzadeh","year":"2017"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1151","article-title":"Coinfection of Leishmania guyanensis and human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immune deficiency syndrome: report of a case of disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ecuador","volume":"96","author":"Calvopina","year":"2017"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis","first-page":"173","article-title":"Emergence of co-infection of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-positive patients in northeast Iran: a preliminary study","volume":"12","author":"Shafiei","year":"2014"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol","first-page":"461","article-title":"Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis after visceral disease in a patient with AIDS","volume":"50","author":"Calza","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/98\/1\/article-p122.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/98\/1\/article-p122.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/98\/1\/article-p122.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T16:59:34Z","timestamp":1722445174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/98\/1\/article-p122.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0490","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]}}}