{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:39:53Z","timestamp":1793295593874,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> has been postulated to be aerosolized during ploughing and heavy rain, and could result in inhalational melioidosis. Here, we determined the presence of <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> in soil, paddy field water (PFW), air, and rainwater samples in a single rice paddy field in Ubon Ratchathani, northeast Thailand. In 2012, we collected 100 soil samples during the dry season, 10 PFW samples during the monsoon season, 77 air samples during ploughing (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 31) and heavy rains (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic> = 46), and 60 rainwater samples during 12 rain events. We found that 32 soil samples (32%), six PFW samples (60%), and none of the air and rainwater samples were culture positive for <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>. Other soil bacteria were isolated from air and rainwater samples. Mean quantitative count of <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> estimated from two culture-positive PFW samples was 200 colony forming units\/mL. Our findings suggest that the risk of melioidosis acquisition by inhalation in Thailand might be low.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,3]],"date-time":"2017-10-03T07:00:50Z","timestamp":1507014050000},"page":"1702-1705","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Presence of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Soil and Paddy Rice Water in a Rice Field in Northeast Thailand, but Not in Air and Rainwater"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Catherine E. L.","family":"Ong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gumphol","family":"Wongsuvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet S. W.","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tan Yian","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Low Hwee","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Premjit","family":"Amornchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanaporn","family":"Wuthiekanun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas P. J.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon J.","family":"Peacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Cambridge University, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tan Yoke","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric P. H.","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Direk","family":"Limmathurotsakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand;"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Nat Microbiol","first-page":"15008","article-title":"Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis","volume":"1","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2016"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"697","article-title":"Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime","volume":"2","author":"White","year":"1989"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"e2","article-title":"Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Infection, 2010","volume":"18","author":"Lipsitz","year":"2012"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2072","article-title":"Activities of daily living associated with acquisition of melioidosis in northeast Thailand: a matched case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2013"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2105","article-title":"Systematic review and consensus guidelines for environmental sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"7","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2013"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2553","article-title":"Nonrandom distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei clones in relation to geographical location and virulence","volume":"44","author":"Vesaratchavest","year":"2006"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"265","article-title":"Melioidosis caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in drinking water, Thailand, 2012","volume":"20","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2014"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0003834","article-title":"Airborne transmission of melioidosis to humans from environmental aerosols contaminated with B. pseudomallei","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2015"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Int J Epidemiol","first-page":"323","article-title":"Extreme weather events and environmental contamination are associated with case-clusters of melioidosis in the northern territory of Australia","volume":"35","author":"Cheng","year":"2006"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"2052","article-title":"Use of whole-genome sequencing to link Burkholderia pseudomallei from air sampling to mediastinal melioidosis, Australia","volume":"21","author":"Currie","year":"2015"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e496","article-title":"Burkholderia pseudomallei is genetically diverse in agricultural land in northeast Thailand","volume":"3","author":"Wuthiekanun","year":"2009"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"J Bacteriol","first-page":"807","article-title":"Biological relevance of colony morphology and phenotypic switching by Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"189","author":"Chantratita","year":"2007"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Clin Pathol","first-page":"374","article-title":"Latex agglutination test for identification of Pseudomonas pseudomallei","volume":"46","author":"Smith","year":"1993"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"971","article-title":"Rapid detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei in blood cultures using a monoclonal antibody-based immunofluorescent assay","volume":"89","author":"Chantratita","year":"2013"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"488","article-title":"Quantitative recovery of Burkholderia pseudomallei from soil in Thailand","volume":"89","author":"Smith","year":"1995"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol","first-page":"327","article-title":"Investigating deep phylogenetic relationships among cyanobacteria and plastids by small subunit rRNA sequence analysis","volume":"46","author":"Turner","year":"1999"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004823","article-title":"Barriers and recommended interventions to prevent melioidosis in northeast Thailand: a focus group study using the behaviour change wheel","volume":"10","author":"Suntornsut","year":"2016"},{"key":"b18","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2003"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 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