{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T18:58:04Z","timestamp":1793818684153,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    pathotypes (i.e., enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic) have been identified among the pathogens most responsible for moderate-to-severe diarrhea in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    are transmitted from infected human or animal feces to new susceptible hosts via environmental reservoirs such as hands, water, and soil. Commensal\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which includes nonpathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains, are widely used as fecal bacteria indicator, with their presence associated with increased likelihood of enteric pathogens and\/or diarrheal disease. In this study, we investigated\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    contamination in environmental reservoirs within households (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 142) in high-population density communities of Harare, Zimbabwe. We further assessed the interconnectedness of the environmental compartments by investigating associations between, and household-level risk factors for,\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    contamination. From the data we collected, the source and risk factors for\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    contamination are not readily apparent. One notable exception is the presence of running tap water on the household plot, which is associated with significantly less\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    contamination of drinking water, handwashing water, and hands after handwashing. In addition,\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    levels on hands after washing are significantly associated with handwashing water contamination, hand contamination before washing, and diarrhea incidence. Finally, we observed that animal ownership increases\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    contamination in soil, and\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    in soil are correlated with contamination on hands before washing. This study highlights the complexity of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    contamination in household environments within LMICs. More, larger, studies are needed to better identify sources and exposure pathways of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014and enteric pathogens generally\u2014to identify effective interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]],"date-time":"2018-01-23T02:00:48Z","timestamp":1516672848000},"page":"803-813","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["Escherichia coli Contamination across Multiple Environmental Compartments (Soil, Hands, Drinking Water, and Handwashing Water) in Urban Harare: Correlations and Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Tala","family":"Navab-Daneshmand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon;"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Max N. D.","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Social Sciences, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marja","family":"G\u00e4chter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Camila","family":"Montealegre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linn S.","family":"Mlambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamuka","family":"Nhiwatiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Joachim","family":"Mosler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Social Sciences, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Julian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, D\u00fcbendorf, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1405","article-title":"Global burden of childhood pneumonia and 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