{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T01:05:03Z","timestamp":1774314303415,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic> causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil. We previously observed that VL is more common in males than females living in endemic neighborhoods, despite similar exposure. Using a larger sample, we document that VL is more common in males than females, but only after puberty. BALB\/c and C57BL\/6 mouse models confirmed that there is a biological basis for male susceptibility to symptomatic VL, showing higher parasite burdens in males than females. Female C57BL\/6 mice generated more antigen-induced cytokines associated with curative responses (interferon-\u03b3, interleukin [IL]-1\u03b2). Males expressed higher levels of IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor, which are linked to exacerbated disease. Different parasite lines entered or survived at a higher rate in macrophages of male- than female-origin. These results suggest that males are inherently more susceptible to <jats:italic>L. infantum<\/jats:italic> than females and that mice are a valid model to study this sex-dependent difference.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,21]],"date-time":"2017-11-21T07:01:27Z","timestamp":1511247687000},"page":"142-145","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Epidemiological and Experimental Evidence for Sex-Dependent Differences in the Outcome of Leishmania infantum Infection"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Nilda E.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iraci D.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional de Sa\u00fade, Secretaria de Sa\u00fade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"},{"name":"Health Science Post-Graduate Program, Health Science Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Upasna","family":"Gaur Dixit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Turcotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan D.","family":"Lockard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hemali","family":"Batra-Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliana L.","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Post-Graduate Program, Health Science Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selma M. B.","family":"Jeronimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Post-Graduate Program, Health Science Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil;"},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases, Salvador, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;"},{"name":"Veterans\u2019 Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Microb 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