{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:25:36Z","timestamp":1790148336070,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a common and important vector-borne parasitic zoonosis in Panam\u00e1. Here, we study\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. infection rates and blood-feeding patterns among common sand flies in Trinidad de Las Minas, a rural community with hyperendemic ACL transmission, and where a deltamethrin fogging trial was performed. Sand flies were collected from April 2010 to June 2011 with light traps installed inside and in the peridomicile of 24 houses. We restricted our analysis to the most abundant species at the study site:\n                    <jats:italic>Lutzomyia trapidoi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lutzomyia gomezi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lutzomyia panamensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lutzomyia triramula<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Lutzomyia dysponeta<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We detected\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. infection in sand flies by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS-1) in pooled females (1\u201310 females per pool). Host species of engorged sand flies were identified using a cytochrome b PCR. From 455 sand fly pools analyzed, 255 pools were positive for\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., with an estimated infection rate (confidence interval) of 0.096 [0.080\u20130.115] before the deltamethrin fogging which slightly, but not significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &gt; 0.05), increased to 0.116 [0.098\u20130.136] after the deltamethrin fogging. Blood meal analysis suggested that pigs, goats, and birds were the most common sand fly blood sources, followed by humans and domestic dogs. DNA sequencing from a subsample of ITS-1 positive pools suggests that\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania panamensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania naiffi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and other\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were the parasite species infecting the most common vectors at the study site. Our data confirm an association between sand fly species, humans, domestic dogs, and pigs and\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. parasites in rural Panam\u00e1.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T02:01:29Z","timestamp":1550541689000},"page":"798-807","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Leishmania spp. Infection Rate and Feeding Patterns of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from a Hyperendemic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Community in Panam\u00e1"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Chystrie A.","family":"Rigg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1;"},{"name":"Programa Centroamericano de Maestr\u00eda en Entomolog\u00eda, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Ciudad de Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 E.","family":"Calzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azael","family":"Salda\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milixa","family":"Perea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis F.","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Costarricense de Investigaci\u00f3n y ense\u00f1anza en Nutrici\u00f3n y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres R\u00edos, Costa Rica;"},{"name":"Programa de Investigaci\u00f3n en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anayansi","family":"Valderrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1;"},{"name":"Programa Centroamericano de Maestr\u00eda en Entomolog\u00eda, Universidad de Panam\u00e1, Ciudad de Panam\u00e1, Panam\u00e1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"565","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in Panama","volume":"81","author":"Miranda","year":"2009"},{"key":"b2","author":"Ministerio de Salud de Panam\u00e1 (Minsa)","year":"2014"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e176","article-title":"Social exclusion modifies climate and deforestation impacts on a vector-borne disease","volume":"2","author":"Chaves","year":"2008"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e35671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Trop Med","first-page":"601242","article-title":"Leishmaniasis and climate change\u2014case study: Argentina","volume":"2012","author":"Salom\u00f3n","year":"2012"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e3210","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis and sand fly fluctuations are associated with El Ni\u00f1o in Panam\u00e1","volume":"8","author":"Chaves","year":"2014"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control","first-page":"42","article-title":"Macroecological patterns of American cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission across the health areas of Panam\u00e1 (1980\u20132012)","volume":"1","author":"Yamada","year":"2016"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"463","article-title":"The ecology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Republic of Panama","volume":"20","author":"Christensen","year":"1983"},{"key":"b9","author":"V\u00e1squez","year":"1994"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Acta Zool Mex","first-page":"67","article-title":"Relacio\u00ecn entre la composicio\u00ecn de especies del ge\u00ecnero de Lutzomyia fran\u00e7a (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) y los diferentes tipos de bosques en Panama\u00ec","volume":"24","author":"Valderrama","year":"2008"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"173","article-title":"Enzootic cutaneous leishmaniasis in eastern Panama. 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