{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:25:17Z","timestamp":1788909917017,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Members of the genera <jats:italic>Alphavirus<\/jats:italic> (family <jats:italic>Togaviridae<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>Flavivirus<\/jats:italic> (family <jats:italic>Flaviridae<\/jats:italic>) are important zoonotic human and equine etiologic agents of neurologic diseases in the New World. In 2010, an outbreak of Madariaga virus (MADV; formerly eastern equine encephalitis virus) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) infections was reported in eastern Panam\u00e1. We further characterized the epidemiology of the outbreak by studying household contacts of confirmed human cases and of equine cases with neurological disease signs. Serum samples were screened using a hemagglutination inhibition test, and human results were confirmed using plaque reduction neutralization tests. A generalized linear model was used to evaluate the human MADV and VEEV seroprevalence ratios by age (in tercile) and gender. Overall, antibody prevalence for human MADV infection was 19.4%, VEEV 33.3%, and Mayaro virus 1.4%. In comparison with individuals aged 2\u201320 years, people from older age groups (21\u201341 and &gt; 41 years) were five times more likely to have antibodies against VEEV, whereas the MADV prevalence ratio was independent of age. The overall seroprevalence of MADV in equids was 26.3%, VEEV 29.4%, West Nile virus (WNV) 2.6%, and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) was 63.0%. Taken together, our results suggest that multiple arboviruses are circulating in human and equine populations in Panam\u00e1. Our findings of a lack of increase in the seroprevalence ratio with age support the hypothesis of recent MADV exposure to people living in the affected region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,8]],"date-time":"2018-05-08T07:00:38Z","timestamp":1525762838000},"page":"1798-1804","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Human and Equine Infection with Alphaviruses and Flaviviruses in Panam\u00e1 during 2010: A Cross-Sectional Study of Household Contacts during an Encephalitis Outbreak"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Carrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panam\u00e1 City, Panam\u00e1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karoun H.","family":"Bagamian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;"},{"name":"Bagamian Scientific Consulting, LLC, Gainesville, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia P.","family":"Travassos da Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eryu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davis","family":"Beltran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panam\u00e1 City, Panam\u00e1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan D.","family":"Gundaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panam\u00e1 City, Panam\u00e1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blas","family":"Armien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research in Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panam\u00e1 City, Panam\u00e1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Salud P\u00fablica y Administraci\u00f3n, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00e9stor","family":"Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panam\u00e1 City, Panam\u00e1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Miguel","family":"Pascale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panam\u00e1 City, Panam\u00e1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anayansi","family":"Valderrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panam\u00e1 City, Panam\u00e1;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Tesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Microbiology & Immunology and Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy 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