{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T20:11:53Z","timestamp":1783800713763,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Anemia is known to impact a child\u2019s growth and development, but not all anemias are caused by iron deficiency, and the CDC and WHO have emphasized investigating other contributors to anemia. This cross-sectional sub-study of a 2012\u20132016 maternal-child cohort in coastal Kenya evaluated 244 children and found 185 (76%) to have been anemic on at least one time point since birth. At the time of assessment in 2016, evaluation included a complete blood count, nutritional assessment, and testing for parasitic infections, focusing on the primary outcome of anemia, defined as hemoglobin (Hb) &lt; 11 g\/dL. The average age at assessment was 20.5 \u00b1 7 months. Ninety-five percent had a lifetime average Hb in the anemic range. Adjusting for age and gender, prior or current malaria infection (prior: Hb \u03b2 = \u22120.99, 95% CI: \u22121.49 to \u22120.49, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.01), or having any current infection with hookworm, <jats:italic>Trichuris<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Strongyloides<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>, and\/or malaria (\u03b2 = \u22120.84, 95% CI: \u22121.36 to \u22120.33, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.01) was associated with decreased current Hb. Nutritional evaluation revealed that children with a declining Hb ate fewer vitamin-A\u2013rich vegetables per week (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.01) or eggs (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.01), drank more milk (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.07), and ate more bread (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.01), and were more likely to live in a household that experienced food shortage (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.05). The high prevalence of anemia, polyparasitism, and dietary insufficiency among children in rural coastal Kenya suggests that remedial interventions will need to address both diet and parasitic infections to effectively combat this significant health threat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]],"date-time":"2019-05-07T07:00:51Z","timestamp":1557212451000},"page":"242-252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Early Childhood Anemia in a Birth Cohort in Coastal Kenya: Links to Infection and Nutrition"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Kao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Mutuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanique","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackson","family":"Mwandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Borne Disease Control Unit, Msambweni Field Laboratory, Kwale County, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dunstan","family":"Mukoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector-Borne Diseases Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indu","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles H.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelle Desiree","family":"LaBeaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Anemia and growth","volume":"18","author":"Soliman","year":"2014"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Adv Nutr","first-page":"112","article-title":"The role of iron in learning and memory","volume":"2","author":"Fretham","year":"2011"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J 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