{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T03:42:25Z","timestamp":1785210145510,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> is a leading cause of diarrhea among Kenyan infants. Ceramic water filters (CWFs) are used for household water treatment. We assessed the impact of CWFs on diarrhea, cryptosporidiosis prevention, and water quality in rural western Kenya. A randomized, controlled intervention trial was conducted in 240 households with infants 4\u201310 months old. Twenty-six weekly household surveys assessed infant diarrhea and health facility visits. Stool specimens from infants with diarrhea were examined for <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>. Source water, filtered water, and filter retentate were tested for <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> and\/or microbial indicators. To estimate the effect of CWFs on health outcomes, logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations were performed; odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported. Households reported using surface water (36%), public taps (29%), or rainwater (17%) as their primary drinking water sources, with no differences in treatment groups. Intervention households reported less diarrhea (7.6% versus 8.9%; OR: 0.86 [0.64\u20131.16]) and significantly fewer health facility visits for diarrhea (1.0% versus 1.9%; OR: 0.50 [0.30\u20130.83]). In total, 15% of intervention and 12% of control stools yielded <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.26). <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> was detected in 93% of source water samples; 71% of filtered water samples met World Health Organization recommendations of &lt; 1 <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\/100 mL. <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> was not detected in source water and was detected in just 2% of filter rinses following passage of large volumes of source water. Water quality was improved among CWF users; however, the short study duration and small sample size limited our ability to observe reductions in cryptosporidiosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,3]],"date-time":"2018-04-03T07:00:39Z","timestamp":1522738839000},"page":"1260-1268","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Impact of Ceramic Water Filters on Prevention of Diarrhea and Cryptosporidiosis in Infants and Young Children\u2014Western Kenya, 2013"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Jamae Fontain","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"},{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"},{"name":"Department of African-American Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Fagerli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandra","family":"Schneeberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Jaron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenny","family":"Moke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Juma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Omore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Roellig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Priest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jothikumar","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel M.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vince","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, National 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