{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T10:53:51Z","timestamp":1761562431633},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Common in four continents, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important but neglected disease. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection increases the risk of developing VL in people from leishmaniasis-endemic areas, with worse prognosis when there is coinfection. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of HIV\/VL coinfection in patients admitted in three referral hospitals for HIV\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Pernambuco, Brazil, and to compare epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics among HIV\/VL coinfected and HIV mono-infected individuals. The sample consisted of HIV patients aged 18 years or more, in a period of data collection of 6 months. We performed four <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> tests\u2014polymerase chain reaction (PCR), direct agglutination test, rK39, and latex agglutination test\u2014and individuals with at least one positive test were considered coinfected. The HIV\/VL coinfection prevalence we found was 16.9%. We observed large variation in prevalence according to the <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> test used, with low coincidence of positive tests. The most frequent symptoms found were weight loss (75.6%), fever (67.6%), and cough (55.3%). When we compared HIV\/VL coinfected and HIV mono-infected groups we did not observe statistically significant differences. Low educational level (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004) and pallor (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.009) were more frequent in the coinfected group. Serum albumin level was higher in coinfected individuals (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.009). It is important to follow-up these individuals to understand the dynamics of VL in people living with HIV. New tests are necessary, ideally differentiating active from latent infection. Testing for VL in people with HIV is important and should be considered as part of the initial investigation in these individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0787","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T07:00:43Z","timestamp":1539673243000},"page":"1541-1546","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Visceral Leishmaniasis in Hospitalized HIV-Infected Patients in Pernambuco, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Diego Lins","family":"Guedes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Curso de Medicina, N\u00facleo de Ci\u00eancias da Vida, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Caruaru, Brazil;"},{"name":"Departamento de Parasitologia, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalh\u00e3es, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zulma","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitologia, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalh\u00e3es, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil;"},{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elis","family":"Dion\u00edsio da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitologia, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalh\u00e3es, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audrey Violeta","family":"Martins de Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Santana da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitologia, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalh\u00e3es, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Almerice","family":"Lopes da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitologia, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalh\u00e3es, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo S\u00e9rgio","family":"Ramos de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Parasitologia, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalh\u00e3es, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dem\u00f3crito de Barros","family":"Miranda-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"3","article-title":"Leishmania\/HIV co-infections: epidemiology in Europe","volume":"97","author":"Desjeux","year":"2003"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"334","article-title":"The relationship between leishmaniasis and AIDS: the second 10 years","volume":"21","author":"Alvar","year":"2008"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e35671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Rev Med Interne","first-page":"544","article-title":"Actualit\u00e9s sur les leishmanioses visc\u00e9rales","volume":"32","author":"Faucher","year":"2011"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Immunol Res","first-page":"163","article-title":"The immunology of Leishmania\/HIV co-infection","volume":"56","author":"Okwor","year":"2013"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"HIV Med","first-page":"240","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis as an independent cause of high immune activation, T-cell senescence, and lack of immune recovery in virologically suppressed HIV-1-coinfected patients","volume":"16","author":"Casado","year":"2015"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"29","article-title":"HIV and the transmission of Leishmania","volume":"97","author":"Molina","year":"2003"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"HIV Med","first-page":"670","article-title":"\u2018Active chronic visceral leishmaniasis\u2019 in HIV-1-infected patients demonstrated by biological and clinical long-term follow-up of 10 patients","volume":"11","author":"Bourgeois","year":"2010"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop","first-page":"156","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus\/Leishmania infantum in the first foci of urban American visceral leishmaniasis: clinical presentation from 1994 to 2010","volume":"46","author":"Lima","year":"2013"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"105","author":"Srivastava","year":"2011"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"570","article-title":"Comparison of parasitological, serological, and molecular tests for visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: a cross-sectional delayed-type study","volume":"89","author":"Cota","year":"2013"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"1321","article-title":"Improvement of a direct agglutination test for field studies of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"26","author":"El Harith","year":"1988"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"349","article-title":"PCR diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania in local and imported clinical samples","volume":"47","author":"Sch\u00f6nian","year":"2003"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"743","article-title":"Prevalence of Leishmania infection in adult HIV\/AIDS patients treated in a tertiary-level care center in Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil","volume":"103","author":"Carranza-Tamayo","year":"2009"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"283","article-title":"High frequency of asymptomatic Leishmania spp. infection among HIV-infected patients living in endemic areas for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"106","author":"Orsini","year":"2012"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e3021","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV coinfection in the mediterranean region","volume":"8","author":"Monge-Maillo","year":"2014"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2869","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV coinfection in east Africa","volume":"8","author":"Diro","year":"2014"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1665","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of serologic and molecular methods for detecting visceral leishmaniasis in HIV infected patients: meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Cota","year":"2012"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"411","article-title":"Leishmaniasis as an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients: determinants of relapse and mortality in a collaborative study of 228 episodes in a Mediterranean region","volume":"24","author":"Pasquau","year":"2005"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2816","article-title":"Leishmania-HIV co-infection: clinical presentation and outcomes in an urban area in Brazil","volume":"8","author":"Cota","year":"2014"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"298","article-title":"The emergence of concurrent HIV-1\/AIDS and visceral leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil","volume":"105","author":"Nascimento","year":"2011"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1093","article-title":"HIV and Leishmania coinfection: a review of 91 cases with focus on atypical locations of Leishmania","volume":"31","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2000"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"338","article-title":"Epidemiological patterns of mortality due to visceral leishmaniasis and HIV\/AIDS co-infection in Brazil, 2000\u20132011","volume":"108","author":"Martins-Melo","year":"2014"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"820","article-title":"Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Spain based on hospitalization records (1997\u20132008)","volume":"85","author":"Gil-Prieto","year":"2011"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop","first-page":"38","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS-related visceral leishmaniasis: a clinical and epidemiological description of visceral leishmaniasis in northern Brazil","volume":"47","author":"De Albuquerque","year":"2014"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"115","article-title":"Malaria in Brazil: an overview","volume":"9","author":"Oliveira-Ferreira","year":"2010"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Epidemiol Serv Saude","first-page":"1","article-title":"II Consenso Brasileiro em doen\u00e7a de chagas, 2015","volume":"25","author":"Dias","year":"2016"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","first-page":"200","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3, IL-2, IP-10, and MIG as biomarkers of exposure to Leishmania spp., and of cure in human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Ibarra-Meneses","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/99\/6\/article-p1541.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/99\/6\/article-p1541.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/99\/6\/article-p1541.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T20:41:35Z","timestamp":1722458495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/99\/6\/article-p1541.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0787","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]}}}