{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:34:20Z","timestamp":1790800460516,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although numerous viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes, four have caused the most human suffering over the centuries and continuing today. These are the viruses causing yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika fevers. Africa is clearly the ancestral home of yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika viruses and likely the dengue virus. Several species of mosquitoes, primarily in the genus <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>, have been transmitting these viruses and their direct ancestors among African primates for millennia allowing for coadaptation among viruses, mosquitoes, and primates. One African primate (humans) and one African <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> mosquito (<jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>) have escaped Africa and spread around the world. Thus it is not surprising that this native African mosquito is the most efficient vector of these native African viruses to this native African primate. This makes it likely that when the next disease-causing virus comes out of Africa, <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> will be the major vector to humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]],"date-time":"2018-03-20T07:00:54Z","timestamp":1521529254000},"page":"1563-1565","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":163,"title":["Mosquito-Borne Human Viral Diseases: Why Aedes aegypti?"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Powell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","first-page":"455","author":"Ritchie","year":"2014"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e646","article-title":"Consequences of the expanding global distribution of Aedes albopictus for dengue virus transmission","volume":"4","author":"Lambrechts","year":"2010"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Annu Rev Entomol","first-page":"209","article-title":"Yellow fever: a disease that has yet to be conquered","volume":"52","author":"Barrett","year":"2007"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Ecol Entomol","first-page":"129","article-title":"Habitat segregation among African treehole mosquitoes","volume":"6","author":"Lounibos","year":"1981"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"222","article-title":"Evolution of mosquito preference for humans linked to an odorant receptor","volume":"515","author":"McBride","year":"2014"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"11","article-title":"History of domestication and spread of Aedes aegypti\u2014a review","volume":"108","author":"Powell","year":"2013"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Mol Ecol","first-page":"5377","article-title":"Global genetic diversity of Aedes aegypti","volume":"25","author":"Gloria-Soria","year":"2016"},{"key":"b8","author":"Eltis","year":"2010"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Historian","first-page":"731","article-title":"Sacraments and disease in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 1648\u20131727","volume":"58","author":"Patch","year":"1996"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Evolution","first-page":"514","article-title":"Human impacts have shaped historical and recent evolution in Aedes aegypti, the dengue and yellow fever mosquito","volume":"68","author":"Brown","year":"2014"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"BMC Biol","first-page":"16","article-title":"Population genomics reveals that an anthropophilic population of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in west Africa recently gave rise to American and Asian populations of this major disease vector","volume":"15","author":"Crawford","year":"2017"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis","first-page":"319","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of yellow fever and dengue, 1900 to 2003: full circle?","volume":"27","author":"Gubler","year":"2004"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1231","article-title":"Chikungunya virus and the global spread of a mosquito-borne disease","volume":"372","author":"Weaver","year":"2015"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Evolution","first-page":"925","article-title":"DNA divergence among hominoids","volume":"43","author":"Caccone","year":"1989"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Science","first-page":"75","article-title":"Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids","volume":"326","author":"White","year":"2009"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA","first-page":"16018","article-title":"Human origins: out of Africa","volume":"106","author":"Tatersall","year":"2009"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"733","article-title":"Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia","volume":"433","author":"McDougall","year":"2005"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"289","article-title":"New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens","volume":"546","author":"Hublin","year":"2017"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Science","first-page":"453","article-title":"The southern route \u201cout of Africa\u201d: evidence for an early expansion of modern humans into Arabia","volume":"331","author":"Armitage","year":"2011"},{"key":"b20","author":"McNeill","year":"1976"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"PLoS Pathog","first-page":"e75","article-title":"Out of Africa: a molecular perspective on the introduction of yellow fever virus into the Americas","volume":"3","author":"Bryant","year":"2007"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Infect Genet Evol","first-page":"292","article-title":"Fever versus fever: the role of host and vector susceptibility and interspecific competition in shaping the current and future distributions of the sylvatic cycles of dengue virus and yellow fever virus","volume":"19","author":"Hanley","year":"2013"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"J Hyg (Lond)","first-page":"177","article-title":"The Newala epidemic. 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