{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T20:18:24Z","timestamp":1789676304403,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\u2013endemic countries, controlling infection within dogs, the domestic reservoir, is critical to public health. There is a need for safe vaccines that prevent canine progression with disease and transmission to others. Protective vaccination against <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> requires mounting a strong, inflammatory, Type 1 response. Three commercially available canine vaccines on the global veterinary market use saponin or inflammatory antigen components (Letifend) as a strong pro-inflammatory adjuvant. There is very little information detailing safety of saponin as an adjuvant in field trials. Safety analyses for the use of vaccine as an immunotherapeutic in asymptomatically infected animals are completely lacking. <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>, the causative agent of canine leishmaniasis, is enzootic within U.S. hunting hounds. We assessed the safety of LeishTec<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> after use in dogs from two different clinical states: 1) without clinical signs and tested negative on polymerase chain reaction and serology or 2) without clinical signs and positive for at least one <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> diagnostic test. Vaccine safety was assessed after all three vaccinations to quantify the number and severity of adverse events. Vaccinated animals had an adverse event rate of 3.09%, whereas placebo animals had 0.68%. Receiving vaccine was correlated with the occurrence of mild, site-specific, reactions. Occurrence of severe adverse events was not associated with having received vaccine. Infected, asymptomatic animals did not have a higher rate of adverse events. Use of vaccination is, therefore, likely to be safe in infected, asymptomatic animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]],"date-time":"2018-03-06T07:00:25Z","timestamp":1520319625000},"page":"1332-1338","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Safety Analysis of Leishmania Vaccine Used in a Randomized Canine Vaccine\/Immunotherapy Trial"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Angela","family":"Toepp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;"},{"name":"Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandy","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;"},{"name":"Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Grinnage-Pulley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;"},{"name":"Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyne","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;"},{"name":"Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Parrish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;"},{"name":"Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailie","family":"Fowler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geneva","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;"},{"name":"Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Gibson-Corely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radhika","family":"Gharpure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Cotter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa;"},{"name":"Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa Research Park, Coralville, Iowa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e35671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e91009","article-title":"Evaluation of change in canine diagnosis protocol adopted by the visceral leishmaniasis control program in Brazil and a new proposal for diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Coura-Vital","year":"2014"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"2005","article-title":"Role of wildlife in the epidemiology of Leishmania infantum infection in Europe","volume":"113","author":"Millan","year":"2014"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Trends Parasitol","first-page":"531","article-title":"Canine leishmaniosis in the Old and New Worlds: unveiled similarities and 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