{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T17:48:22Z","timestamp":1764784102029},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurocysticercosis (NCC), the infection of the human central nervous system (CNS) with larval cysts of <jats:italic>Taenia solium<\/jats:italic> causes widespread neurological morbidity. Animal models are crucial for studying the pathophysiology and treatment of NCC. Some drawbacks of current NCC models include differences in the pathogenesis of the model and wild-type parasite, low rates of infection efficiency and lack of reproducibility. We describe a novel porcine model that recreates infection in the CNS with high efficiency. Activated oncospheres, either in a high (45,000\u201350,000) or low (10,000) dose were inoculated in the common carotid artery of 12 pigs by ultrasound-guided catheterization. Following oncosphere injection, either a high (30 mL) or low (1\u20133 mL) volume of saline flush was also administered. Cyst burden in the CNS was evaluated independently according to oncosphere dose and flush volume. Neurocysticercosis was achieved in 8\/12 (66.7%) pigs. Cyst burden in the CNS of pigs was higher in the high versus the low oncosphere dose category (median: 4.5; interquartile ranges [IQR]: 1\u20138 and median: 1; IQR: 0\u20134, respectively) and in the high versus the low flush volume category (median 5.5; IQR: 1\u20138 and median: 1; IQR: 0\u20132, respectively), although not statistically different. All cysts in the CNS were viable, whereas both viable and degenerated cysts were found in the musculature. Carotid injection of activated oncospheres in pigs is effective in reproducing NCC. Oncosphere entry into the CNS by way of vasculature mimics wild-type infection, and provides a useful alternative for future investigations on the pathogenesis and antiparasitic treatment of NCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]],"date-time":"2018-06-12T07:00:21Z","timestamp":1528786821000},"page":"380-387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Carotid Taenia solium Oncosphere Infection: A Novel Porcine Neurocysticercosis Model"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Karen A.","family":"Alroy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Management, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Gilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eloy","family":"Gonzales-Gustavson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Gallegos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesar M.","family":"Gavidia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Verastegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology of the School of Science, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Gomez-Puerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Alroy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hector H.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology of the School of Science, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armando E.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology of the School of Science, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"_","family":"_","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Management, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Departments of Pathology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Microbiology of the School of Science, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Pathog Glob Health","first-page":"312","article-title":"Prevention and control of Taenia solium taeniasis\/cysticercosis in Peru","volume":"106","author":"Gilman","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"218","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis infection and disease\u2014a review","volume":"166","author":"Gripper","year":"2017"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0003919","article-title":"Taenia solium human cysticercosis: a systematic review of sero-epidemiological data from endemic zones around the world","volume":"9","author":"Coral-Almeida","year":"2015"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"1202","article-title":"Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocysticercosis","volume":"13","author":"Garcia","year":"2014"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurol","first-page":"584","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of neurocysticercosis","volume":"7","author":"Nash","year":"2011"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1500","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: neglected but not forgotten","volume":"6","author":"Coyle","year":"2012"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"969","article-title":"Hospitalization frequency and charges for neurocysticercosis, United States, 2003\u20132012","volume":"21","author":"O\u2019Neal","year":"2015"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1152","article-title":"Clinical manifestations associated with neurocysticercosis: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Carabin","year":"2011"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"229","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: association between seizures, serology, and brain CT in rural Peru","volume":"65","author":"Montano","year":"2005"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Infect Dis Poverty","first-page":"31","article-title":"The causal relationship between neurocysticercosis infection and the development of epilepsy\u2014a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Gripper","year":"2017"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Epilepsy Behav","first-page":"158","article-title":"Antiparasitic treatment of neurocysticercosis\u2014the effect of cyst destruction in seizure evolution","volume":"76","author":"Garcia","year":"2017"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Parasite Immunol","first-page":"e12439","article-title":"Recent advancements and new perspectives in animal models for neurocysticercosis immunopathogenesis","volume":"39","author":"Arora","year":"2017"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","first-page":"443","article-title":"Disruption of the blood-brain barrier in pigs naturally infected with Taenia solium, untreated and after anthelmintic treatment","volume":"134","author":"Guerra-Giraldez","year":"2013"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0003577","article-title":"Post-treatment vascular leakage and inflammatory responses around brain cysts in porcine neurocysticercosis","volume":"9","author":"Mahanty","year":"2015"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0006059","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 blockade suppresses pericystic inflammation following anthelmintic treatment in porcine neurocysticercosis","volume":"11","author":"Mahanty","year":"2017"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"49","article-title":"Experimental Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs: characteristics of the infection and antibody response","volume":"61","author":"de Aluja","year":"1996"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"33","article-title":"Experimental infection model for Taenia solium cysticercosis in swine. Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru","volume":"94","author":"Verastegui","year":"2000"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"69","article-title":"The experimental infection of pigs with different numbers of Taenia solium eggs: immune response and efficiency of establishment","volume":"88","author":"Santamaria","year":"2002"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"1191","article-title":"Serological responses in porcine cysticercosis: a link with the parasitological outcome of infection","volume":"38","author":"Deckers","year":"2008"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0003980","article-title":"Taenia solium: development of an experimental model of porcine neurocysticercosis","volume":"9","author":"Fleury","year":"2015"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"995","article-title":"Development of an animal model for neurocysticercosis: immune response in the central nervous system is characterized by a predominance of gamma delta T cells","volume":"162","author":"Cardona","year":"1999"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"J Parasitol","first-page":"738","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines in granulomas associated with murine cysticercosis are not the cause of seizures","volume":"92","author":"Patil","year":"2006"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Parasitology","first-page":"334","article-title":"Cellular immune response in intraventricular experimental neurocysticercosis","volume":"143","author":"Moura","year":"2016"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Am J Pathol","first-page":"2259","article-title":"Novel rat model for neurocysticercosis using Taenia solium","volume":"185","author":"Verastegui","year":"2015"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"194","article-title":"Prevalence and comparison of serologic assays, necropsy, and tongue examination for the diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis in Peru","volume":"43","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1990"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"69","article-title":"Efficacy of the immunoblot assay for cysticercosis in pigs and modulated expression of distinct IgM\/IgG activities to Taenia solium antigens in experimental infections","volume":"29","author":"Tsang","year":"1991"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"949","article-title":"Species identification after treatment for human taeniasis","volume":"363","author":"Jeri","year":"2004"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"286","article-title":"Nested PCR for specific diagnosis of Taenia solium taeniasis","volume":"46","author":"Mayta","year":"2008"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Infect Immun","first-page":"5158","article-title":"Taenia solium oncosphere adhesion to intestinal epithelial and Chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro","volume":"75","author":"Verastegui","year":"2007"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004396","article-title":"In vitro study of Taenia solium postoncospheral form","volume":"10","author":"Chile","year":"2016"},{"year":"2007","author":"Swindle","key":"b31"},{"key":"b32","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"572","article-title":"Re-visiting the detection of porcine cysticercosis based on full carcass dissections of naturally Taenia solium infected pigs","volume":"10","author":"Chembensofu","year":"2017"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1268","article-title":"Histopathologic characteristics of a chronic arteriovenous malformation in a swine model: preliminary study","volume":"21","author":"Massoud","year":"2000"},{"first-page":"1","year":"2002","author":"Pawlowski","key":"b34"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Parasitol Int","first-page":"151","article-title":"Clinical signs for identification of neurocysticercosis in swine naturally infected with Taenia solium","volume":"55","author":"Prasad","year":"2006"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"J Helminthol","first-page":"69","article-title":"Assessment of routine inspection methods for porcine cysticercosis in Zambian village pigs","volume":"80","author":"Phiri","year":"2006"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"55","article-title":"Cerebral cysticercosis in pigs studied by computed tomography and necropsy","volume":"26","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1987"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Parasitol Res","first-page":"263","article-title":"Praziquantel treatment of porcine brain and muscle Taenia solium cysticercosis. 1. Radiological, physiological and histopathological studies","volume":"76","author":"Flisser","year":"1990"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"249","article-title":"The inflammatory cell infiltrates in porcine cysticercosis: immunohistochemical analysis during various stages of infection","volume":"109","author":"Londono","year":"2002"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"J Helminthol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Distribution and histopathological changes induced by cysts of Taenia solium in the brain of pigs from Tanzania","volume":"6","author":"Mkupasi","year":"2014"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004869","article-title":"Perilesional inflammation in neurocysticercosis\u2014relationship between contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, Evans blue staining and histopathology in the pig model","volume":"10","author":"Cangalaya","year":"2016"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"J Comp Pathol","first-page":"186","article-title":"Granuloma formation and parasite disintegration in porcine cysticercosis: comparison with human neurocysticercosis","volume":"127","author":"Alvarez","year":"2002"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1345","article-title":"Detection of Taenia solium antigens and anti-T. solium antibodies in paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with intraparenchymal or extraparenchymal neurocysticercosis","volume":"199","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2009"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e154","article-title":"Parasite antigen in serum predicts the presence of viable brain parasites in patients with apparently calcified cysticercosis only","volume":"57","author":"Zea-Vera","year":"2013"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2192","article-title":"Relationship between serum antibodies and Taenia solium larvae burden in pigs raised in field conditions","volume":"7","author":"Gavidia","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/99\/2\/article-p380.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/99\/2\/article-p380.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/99\/2\/article-p380.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T19:36:13Z","timestamp":1722454573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/99\/2\/article-p380.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0912","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]]}}}