{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:22:41Z","timestamp":1788225761183,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Alphaviruses (<jats:italic>Togaviridae<\/jats:italic>) are arboviruses frequently associated with emerging infectious diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence of alphaviruses in Uruguay by detecting the viral genome in mosquitoes and neutralizing antibodies in equines. A total of 3,575 mosquitoes were analyzed for alphavirus genome detection. Serologic studies were performed on 425 horse sera by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT<jats:sub>80<\/jats:sub>) against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) subtype IAB, Pixuna virus (PIXV), Rio Negro virus (RNV), western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), and Madariaga virus (MADV). Mosquitoes belonging to six genera were captured and 82.9% were identified as <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>. Two <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic> pools collected in Fray Bentos and Las Toscas localities were alphavirus positive, and phylogenetic analyses showed that the sequences grouped into two different clusters: the lineage I of eastern equine encephalitis virus and RNV (VEEV complex), respectively. Plaque reduction neutralization test assays showed antibodies against strains of the VEEV complex, MADV, and WEEV. Rio Negro virus was the most geographically widespread virus, showing higher seroprevalences (up to 20%). Seroprevalences against VEEV IAB ranged between 4.6% and 13%; antibodies against PIXV, WEEV, and MADV were less frequent (3\u20134%). In conclusion, RNV exhibited the highest seroprevalence in horses, a wide geographical distribution, and viral genome was detected in <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes. Madariaga virus had a low seroprevalence in equines, but an epizootic lineage typical of North America was detected in <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes. Taken together, our results show that alphaviruses are present in Uruguay with variable occurrence and geographical distribution being a potential threat for human and equine health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T07:00:53Z","timestamp":1523343653000},"page":"1811-1818","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Genomic Characterization and Seroprevalence Studies on Alphaviruses in Uruguay"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Anal\u00eda","family":"Burgue\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n Virolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Montevideo, Uruguay;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Frabasile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n Virolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Montevideo, Uruguay;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Adri\u00e1n","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda \u201cDr. J.M. Vanella,\u201d Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina;"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n Virolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Montevideo, Uruguay;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Bel\u00e9n","family":"Pisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda \u201cDr. J.M. Vanella,\u201d Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina;"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Elisa","family":"Rivarola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda \u201cDr. J.M. Vanella,\u201d Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Contigiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda \u201cDr. J.M. Vanella,\u201d Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Delfraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n Virolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Montevideo, Uruguay;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","author":"ICTV","year":"2016"},{"key":"b2","author":"Fields","year":"2013"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Arch Virol Suppl","first-page":"33","article-title":"Host range, amplification and arboviral disease emergence","volume":"19","author":"Weaver","year":"2005"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Antiviral Res","first-page":"328","article-title":"Present and future arboviral threats","volume":"85","author":"Weaver","year":"2010"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"BMC Med","first-page":"102","article-title":"Emergence and potential for spread of chikungunya virus in Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Nunes","year":"2015"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Future Virol","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Mayaro virus: a neglected arbovirus of the Americas","volume":"10","author":"Mota","year":"2015"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"732","article-title":"Eastern equine encephalitis in Latin America","volume":"369","author":"Carrera","year":"2013"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"1130","article-title":"Madariaga virus infection associated with a case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis","volume":"92","author":"Luciani","year":"2015"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1025","article-title":"High frequency of mayaro virus IgM among febrile patients, central Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Brunini","year":"2017"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Arch Pediatr Urug","first-page":"359","article-title":"Arbovirus en el Uruguay","volume":"41","author":"Somma Moreira","year":"1970"},{"key":"b11","author":"Acha","year":"2003"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"952","article-title":"Fatal human case of western equine encephalitis, Uruguay","volume":"17","author":"Delfraro","year":"2011"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Mosq Syst","first-page":"153","article-title":"Mosquitoes of Argentina. 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