{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T19:33:13Z","timestamp":1778441593381,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp. are under-recognized causes of acute febrile disease worldwide. <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> species are often placed into the spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) and typhus group rickettsiae (TGR). We explored the antibody prevalence among humans for these two groups of rickettsiae in four regions of Peru (Lima, Cusco, Puerto Maldonado, and Tumbes) and for <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp. in Puerto Maldonado and Tumbes. We also assessed risk factors for seropositivity and collected serum samples and ectoparasites from peri-domestic animals from households in sites with high human seroprevalence. In total, we tested 2,165 human sera for antibodies (IgG) against SFGR and TGR by ELISA and for antibodies against <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> by a microscopic agglutination test. Overall, human antibody prevalence across the four sites was 10.6% for SFGR (ranging from 6.2% to 14.0%, highest in Tumbes) and 3.3% for TGR (ranging from 2.6% to 6.4%, highest in Puerto Maldonado). Factors associated with seroreactivity against SFGR were male gender, older age, contact with backyard birds, and working in agriculture or with livestock. However, exposure to any kind of animal within the household decreased the odds ratio by half. Age was the only variable associated with higher TGR seroprevalence. The prevalence of <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> was 11.3% in Puerto Maldonado and 5.8% in Tumbes, with a borderline association with keeping animals in the household. We tested animal sera for <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> and conducted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> species among ectoparasites collected from domestic animals in 63 households of seropositive participants and controls. We did not find any association between animal infection and human serostatus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]],"date-time":"2019-04-02T07:01:11Z","timestamp":1554188471000},"page":"1391-1400","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Rickettsia and Leptospira Infection in Four Ecologically Distinct Regions of Peru"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Salmon-Mulanovich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru;"},{"name":"Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Flores-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steev","family":"Loyola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Kasper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugo R.","family":"R\u00e1zuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis Enrique","family":"Canal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Leguia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Bausch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru;"},{"name":"Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allen L.","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral and Rickettsial Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"2016 Yellow Book. 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in Puerto Maldonado, Peru: Human Migration and Economic Impact","author":"Salmon Mulanovich","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 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