{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:14:41Z","timestamp":1792034081119,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3_Suppl","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Typhoid and paratyphoid fever continue to significantly contribute to global morbidity and mortality. Disease burden is higher in low-and middle-income settings where surveillance programs are rare and little systematic information exists at population level. This review evaluates national, regional, and global trends in the incidence of typhoid fever and of related morbidity and mortality. A literature search in Medline, Embase, and Web of Science was conducted in June 2016, followed by screening and data extraction in duplicate. Studies reporting blood culture estimates of typhoid or paratyphoid morbidity and mortality were included in the analysis. Our search yielded 5,563 unique records, of which 1978 were assessed for relevance with 219 records meeting the eligibility criteria. <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serotype Typhi was the most commonly reported organism (91%), with the occurrence of typhoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> (either incidence or prevalence) being the most commonly reported outcome (78%), followed by typhoid fever mortality, ileal perforation morbidity, and perforation mortality, respectively. Fewer than 50% of studies stratified outcomes by age or urban\/rural locality. Surveillance data were available from 29 countries and patient-focused studies were available from 32 countries. Our review presents a mixed picture with declines reported in many regions and settings but with large gaps in surveillance and published data. Regional trends show generally high incidence rates in South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and East Asia and Pacific where the disease is endemic in many countries. Significant increases have been reported in certain countries but should be explored in the context of long-term trends and underlying at-risk populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]],"date-time":"2018-07-26T07:00:24Z","timestamp":1532588424000},"page":"10-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Global Trends in Typhoidal Salmonellosis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Daina","family":"Als","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amruta","family":"Radhakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle F.","family":"Gaffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Campisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russanthy","family":"Velummailum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhana","family":"Zareef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulfiqar A.","family":"Bhutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;"},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"J Glob Health","first-page":"010401","article-title":"Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010","volume":"2","author":"Buckle","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Lancet 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resistance of Salmonella typhi in Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2012"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Arch Dis Child","first-page":"214","article-title":"Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever","volume":"75","author":"Bhutta","year":"1996"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"eMedicine","article-title":"Typhoid fever","author":"Brusch","year":"2010"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"S34","article-title":"The use of typhoid vaccines in Asia: the DOMI experience","volume":"45","author":"Ochiai","year":"2007"},{"key":"b29","author":"WHO","year":"2003"},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"215","article-title":"Typhoid fever in children: some epidemiological considerations from Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"10","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 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