{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T09:12:02Z","timestamp":1778663522407,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3_Suppl","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Typhoid fever, caused by <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Typhi (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi), is a diminishing public health problem in Vietnam, and this process may represent a prototype for typhoid elimination in Asia. Here, we review typhoid epidemiology in Vietnam over 20 years and assess the potential drivers associated with typhoid reduction. In the 1990s, multidrug resistant <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhi were highly prevalent in a sentinel hospital in southern Vietnam. A national typhoid incidence rate of 14.7\/100,000 population per year was estimated around the new millennium. The Vietnamese government recognized the public health issue of typhoid in the 1990s and initiated vaccine campaigns to protect the most vulnerable members of the population. At their peak, these campaigns immunized approximately 1,200,000 children in 35 provinces. Concurrently, Vietnam experienced unprecedented economic development from 1998 to 2014, with the gross national income per capita increasing from $360 to $1,890 over this period. More recent typhoid incidence data are not available, but surveillance suggests that the current disease burden is negligible. This trajectory can be considered a major public health success. However, a paucity of systematic data makes it difficult to disaggregate the roles of immunization and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions in typhoid reduction in Vietnam. Given the limitations of typhoid vaccines, we surmise the practical elimination of typhoid was largely driven by economic development and improvement in general population living standards. Better designed WASH intervention studies with clinical endpoints and systematic incidence data are essential to glean a greater understanding of contextual factors that impact typhoid incidence reduction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]],"date-time":"2018-07-26T07:00:24Z","timestamp":1532588424000},"page":"72-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Control of Typhoid Fever in Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Tran Vu Thieu","family":"Nga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pham Thanh","family":"Duy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Phu Huong","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Van Vinh","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"26","article-title":"The decline of typhoid and the rise of non-typhoid salmonellae and fungal infections in a changing HIV landscape: bloodstream infection trends over 15 years in southern Vietnam","volume":"106","author":"Nga","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004785","article-title":"The molecular and spatial epidemiology of typhoid fever in rural Cambodia","volume":"10","author":"Pham Thanh","year":"2016"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Open Biol","first-page":"110008","article-title":"Combined high-resolution genotyping and geospatial analysis reveals modes of endemic urban typhoid fever 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