{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:08:54Z","timestamp":1790932134504,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3_Suppl","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Typhoid fever continues to pose a serious health challenge in developing countries. A reliable database on positive blood cultures is essential for prompt interventions. To generate reliable data on\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovar Typhi (\n                    <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi)\u2013positive blood culture trends in typhoidal\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Nigeria alongside changing contextual factors and antimicrobial resistance patterns, a retrospective cohort study was conducted in two hospitals in Lagos between 1993 and 2015. Medical records of typhoid patients were reviewed for positive culture and antibiogram, using standard procedures and analyzed. Additional data were retrieved from a previous study in seven facilities in Abuja and three hospitals in Kano from 2008 to 2017 and 2013 to 2017, respectively. A declining trend in percent positivity of\n                    <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi was observed in Abuja with more erratic trends in Lagos and Kano. In Lagos, more than 80% of the isolates from the entire study period exhibited multiple drug resistance with a generally increasing trend. Of the chosen contextual factors, improvements were recorded in female literacy, access to improved water supply, diarrheal mortality in children younger than 5 years, gross domestic product, and poverty while access to improved sanitation facilities decreased over time nationally. Typhoid fever still poses a serious health challenge in Nigeria and in antibiotic resistance, and is a major health security issue. A combined approach that includes the use of typhoid vaccines, improvements in sanitation, and safe water supply is essential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]],"date-time":"2018-07-26T03:00:24Z","timestamp":1532574024000},"page":"41-47","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Typhoid Fever: Tracking the Trend in Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Kabiru Olusegun","family":"Akinyemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akeeb Oriowo Bola","family":"Oyefolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wasiu Bamidele","family":"Mutiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bamidele Abiodun","family":"Iwalokun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Unit and Malaria Research Laboratory, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward Sunday","family":"Ayeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Records Unit, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Oluwasegun","family":"Ajose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen K.","family":"Obaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, Nebraska;"},{"name":"International Foundation Against Infectious Diseases in Nigeria (IFAIN), Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"J Glob Health","first-page":"010401","article-title":"Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010","volume":"2","author":"Buckle","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e29119","article-title":"Population-based incidence of typhoid fever in an urban informal settlement and a rural area in Kenya: implication for typhoid vaccine use in Africa","volume":"7","author":"Breiman","year":"2012"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e310","article-title":"Incidence of invasive Salmonella disease in 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