{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T23:56:33Z","timestamp":1793058993335,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Anthropogenic land use change, including agriculture, can alter mosquito larval habitat quality, increase mosquito abundance, and increase incidence of vector-borne disease. Rice is a staple food crop for more than half of the world\u2019s population, with \u223c1% of global production occurring within the United States (US). Flooded rice fields provide enormous areas of larval habitat for mosquito species and may be hotspots for mosquito-borne pathogens, including West Nile virus (WNV). West Nile virus was introduced into the Americas in 1999 and causes yearly epidemics in the US with an average of approximately 1,400 neuroinvasive cases and 130 deaths per year. We examined correlations between rice cultivation and WNV disease incidence in rice-growing regions within the US. Incidence of WNV disease increased with the fraction of each county under rice cultivation in California but not in the southern US. We show that this is likely due to regional variation in the mosquitoes transmitting WNV. <jats:italic>Culex tarsalis<\/jats:italic> was an important vector of WNV in California, and its abundance increased with rice cultivation, whereas in rice-growing areas of the southern US, the dominant WNV vector was <jats:italic>Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>, which rarely breeds in rice fields. These results illustrate how cultivation of particular crops can increase disease risk and how spatial variation in vector ecology can alter the relationship between land cover and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T07:00:23Z","timestamp":1525158023000},"page":"222-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Increased Human Incidence of West Nile Virus Disease near Rice Fields in California but Not in Southern United States"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Tony J.","family":"Kovach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Marm","family":"Kilpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Ecohealth","first-page":"619","article-title":"Anthropogenic land use change and infectious diseases: a review of the evidence","volume":"11","author":"Gottdenker","year":"2014"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Trends Ecol Evol","first-page":"55","article-title":"Urbanization and disease emergence: dynamics at the wildlife\u2013livestock\u2013human interface","volume":"32","author":"Hassell","year":"2017"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Trends Ecol Evol","first-page":"95","article-title":"Urbanization and the ecology of wildlife diseases","volume":"22","author":"Bradley","year":"2007"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Int J Remote Sens","first-page":"2607","article-title":"Finer resolution observation and monitoring of global land cover: first mapping results with Landsat TM and ETM+ data","volume":"34","author":"Gong","year":"2013"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Int J Health Geogr","first-page":"32","article-title":"The relationship between mosquito abundance and rice field density in the Republic of Korea","volume":"9","author":"Richards","year":"2010"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"869","article-title":"Effect of rice cultivation patterns on malaria vector abundance in rice-growing villages in Mali","volume":"76","author":"Diuk-Wasser","year":"2007"},{"key":"b7","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2016"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Science","first-page":"323","article-title":"Globalization, land use, and the invasion of West Nile virus","volume":"334","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2011"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"710","article-title":"West Nile virus emergence and large-scale declines of North American bird populations","volume":"447","author":"LaDeau","year":"2007"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Biol Conserv","first-page":"79","article-title":"Predicted and observed mortality from vector-borne disease in small songbirds","volume":"165","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2013"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Condor","first-page":"1","article-title":"Differential impact of West Nile virus on California birds","volume":"111","author":"Wheeler","year":"2009"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"425","article-title":"West Nile virus risk assessment and the bridge vector paradigm","volume":"11","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2005"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Annu Rev Entomol","first-page":"61","article-title":"A global perspective on the epidemiology of West Nile virus","volume":"53","author":"Kramer","year":"2008"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"829","article-title":"Predicting human West Nile virus infections with mosquito surveillance data","volume":"178","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2013"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Proc Biol Sci","first-page":"20162078","article-title":"Drought and immunity determine the intensity of West Nile virus epidemics and climate change impacts","volume":"284:","author":"Paull","year":"2017"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Ecol Appl","first-page":"1083","article-title":"Urban land use predicts West Nile virus exposure in songbirds","volume":"18","author":"Bradley","year":"2008"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"962","article-title":"Land use and West Nile virus seroprevalence in wild mammals","volume":"14","author":"Gomez","year":"2008"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Int J Health Geogr","first-page":"10","article-title":"Association of West Nile virus illness and urban landscapes in Chicago and Detroit","volume":"6","author":"Ruiz","year":"2007"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"234","article-title":"Regional differences in the association between land cover and West Nile virus disease incidence in humans in the United States","volume":"84","author":"Bowden","year":"2011"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"657","article-title":"National and regional associations between human West Nile virus incidence and demographic, landscape, and land use conditions in the coterminous United States","volume":"12","author":"Degroote","year":"2012"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Geospat Health","first-page":"153","article-title":"Landscape, demographic and climatic associations with human West Nile virus occurrence regionally in 2012 in the United States of America","volume":"9","author":"Degroote","year":"2014"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"13604","article-title":"Anthropogenic impacts on mosquito populations in North America over the past century","volume":"7","author":"Rochlin","year":"2016"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"515","article-title":"Identification of environmental covariates of West Nile virus vector mosquito population abundance","volume":"10","author":"Trawinski","year":"2010"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Vector Ecol","first-page":"407","article-title":"Fine scale spatial urban land cover factors associated with adult mosquito abundance and risk in Tucson, Arizona","volume":"37","author":"Landau","year":"2012"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"734","article-title":"Landscape-level spatial patterns of West Nile virus risk in the northern Great Plains","volume":"86","author":"Chuang","year":"2012"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"939","article-title":"Irrigated agriculture is an important risk factor for West Nile virus disease in the hyperendemic Larimer-Boulder-Weld area of north central Colorado","volume":"47","author":"Eisen","year":"2010"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e55006","article-title":"West Nile virus prevalence across landscapes is mediated by local effects of agriculture on vector and host communities","volume":"8","author":"Crowder","year":"2013"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"7","article-title":"Modeling Culex tarsalis abundance on the northern Colorado front range using a landscape-level approach","volume":"30","author":"Schurich","year":"2014"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Landsc Ecol","first-page":"1615","article-title":"Fine-scale wetland features mediate vector and climate- dependent macroscale patterns in human West Nile virus incidence","volume":"31","author":"Skaff","year":"2016"},{"key":"b30","author":"USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS)","year":"2014"},{"key":"b31","author":"USGS","year":"2012"},{"key":"b32","author":"North America Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS)","year":"2011"},{"key":"b33","author":"US Census Bureau","year":"2010"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"820","article-title":"Factors influencing the outcome of mark-release-recapture studies with Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"40","author":"Reisen","year":"2003"},{"key":"b35","series-title":"Biometrika","first-page":"525","article-title":"Package \u201csegmented\u201d","volume":"58","author":"Muggeo","year":"2017"},{"key":"b36","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"82","article-title":"The contrasting bionomics of Culex mosquitoes in western North America","volume":"28","author":"Reisen","year":"2012"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"478","article-title":"Combined sewage overflows (CSO) are major urban breeding sites for Culex quinquefasciatus in Atlanta, Georgia","volume":"77","author":"Calhoun","year":"2007"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"220","article-title":"Combined sewage overflow enhances oviposition of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in urban areas","volume":"46","author":"Chaves","year":"2009"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"J Vector Ecol","first-page":"75","article-title":"Abundance of West Nile virus mosquito vectors in relation to climate and landscape variables abundance of West Nile virus mosquito vectors in relation to climate","volume":"36","author":"Deichmeister","year":"2011"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis","first-page":"360","article-title":"Epidemiology of West Nile virus in Connecticut: a five-year analysis of mosquito data 1999\u20132003","volume":"4","author":"Andreadis","year":"2004"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"545","article-title":"Spatial patterns of Anopheles freeborni and Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae in California rice fields","volume":"31","author":"Pitcairn","year":"1994"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"J Med","first-page":"759","article-title":"Seasonal abundance of Culex tarsalis and Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in California","volume":"47","author":"Barker","year":"2010"},{"key":"b43","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2507","article-title":"Mosquito vector diversity across habitats in central Thailand endemic for dengue and other arthropod-borne diseases","volume":"7","author":"Thongsripong","year":"2013"},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"230","article-title":"Spatio-temporal patterns of distribution of West Nile virus vectors in eastern Piedmont Region, Italy","volume":"4","author":"Bisanzio","year":"2011"},{"key":"b45","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"490","article-title":"Population ecology and dispersal of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Coachella Valley of California","volume":"32","author":"Reisen","year":"1995"},{"key":"b46","series-title":"Prev Vet Med","first-page":"277","article-title":"Distinguishing high and low anopheline-producing rice fields using remote sensing and GIS technologies","volume":"11","author":"Wood","year":"1991"},{"key":"b47","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"251","article-title":"The dark side of light traps","volume":"55","author":"McDermott","year":"2018"},{"key":"b48","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1","article-title":"Past, present, and future of Japanese encephalitis","volume":"15","author":"Erlanger","year":"2009"},{"key":"b49","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"40","article-title":"Effect of irrigated rice agriculture on Japanese encephalitis, including challenges and opportunities for integrated vector management","volume":"95","author":"Keiser","year":"2005"},{"key":"b50","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"387","article-title":"Survey of adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) during irrigation development in the Mahaweli project, Sri Lanka","volume":"28","author":"Amerasinghe","year":"1991"},{"key":"b51","series-title":"J Entomol Acarol Res","first-page":"366","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis vector abundance and infection frequency in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India: a five-year longitudinal study","volume":"48","author":"Samuel","year":"2016"},{"key":"b52","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1678","article-title":"Ecological niche modeling to estimate the distribution of Japanese encephalitis virus in Asia","volume":"6","author":"Miller","year":"2012"},{"key":"b53","series-title":"Environ Int","first-page":"17","article-title":"How environmental conditions impact mosquito ecology and Japanese encephalitis: an eco-epidemiological approach","volume":"79","author":"Tian","year":"2015"},{"key":"b54","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e112975","article-title":"Mosquito surveillance revealed lagged effects of mosquito abundance on mosquito-borne disease transmission: a retrospective study in Zhejiang, China","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2014"},{"key":"b55","author":"FAO","year":"2017"},{"key":"b56","series-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci","first-page":"20160131","article-title":"Conservation of biodiversity as a strategy for improving human health and well-being","volume":"372:","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/99\/1\/article-p222.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/99\/1\/article-p222.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/99\/1\/article-p222.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T18:20:23Z","timestamp":1722450023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/99\/1\/article-p222.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0120","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]]}}}