{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:44:38Z","timestamp":1792809878969,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Many species of <jats:italic>Amblyomma<\/jats:italic> ticks are commonly found infesting wild birds in South America, where birds are important hosts for several arboviruses, such as West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV). In this study, WNV and SLEV transmission experiments were performed to evaluate the vector competence of three South American tick species: <jats:italic>Amblyomma ovale<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Amblyomma tigrinum<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Amblyomma tonelliae<\/jats:italic>. Larval and nymphal ticks of each species were allowed to feed on chicks needle inoculated with WNV or SLEV. All three <jats:italic>Amblyomma<\/jats:italic> species acquired either WNV or SLEV through larval feeding, with infection rates varying from 3.1% to 100% for WNV and from 0% to 35.7% for SLEV in engorged larvae. Transstadial perpetuation of the viruses was demonstrated in the molted nymphs, with WNV infection rates varying from 0% to 33.7% and SLEV infection rates from 13.6% to 23.8%. Although nymphal ticks also acquired either virus through feeding, transstadial perpetuation to adult ticks was lower, with virus detection in only 3.2% of <jats:italic>A. tigrinum<\/jats:italic> and 11.5% of <jats:italic>A. tonelliae<\/jats:italic> unfed adult ticks. On the other hand, vector competence for nymphs (exposed to WNV or SLEV through larval feeding) and adult ticks (exposed to WNV or SLEV through larval or nymphal feeding) was null in all cases. Although our results indicate transstadial perpetuation of WNV or SLEV in the three tick species, the ticks were not competent to transmit these agents to susceptible hosts. The role of these ixodid tick species in the epidemiology of WNV and SLEV might be insignificant, even though at least <jats:italic>A. ovale<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>A. tigrinum<\/jats:italic> are frequent bird ticks in Latin America, so the virus could survive winter in the fed larvae. However, future studies are required to determine the implications that this could have, as well as analyze the vector competence of other common bird tick species in South America.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]],"date-time":"2019-03-19T07:00:48Z","timestamp":1552978848000},"page":"1230-1235","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Vector Competence for West Nile Virus and St. Louis Encephalitis Virus (Flavivirus) of Three Tick Species of the Genus Amblyomma (Acari: Ixodidae)"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Fernando S.","family":"Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda \u201cDr. J. M. Vanella\u201d, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Facultad Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Enfermera Gordillo G\u00f3mez s\/n, Ciudad Universitaria, C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Zanluca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas\/Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto A.","family":"Guglielmone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria, Estaci\u00f3n Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, CONICET, Rafaela, Argentina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia N.","family":"Duarte dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas\/Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo B.","family":"Labruna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria Preventiva e Sa\u00fade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria e Zootecnia, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Virolog\u00eda \u201cDr. J. M. Vanella\u201d, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Facultad Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Enfermera Gordillo G\u00f3mez s\/n, Ciudad Universitaria, C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina;"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas y Tecnol\u00f3gicas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Science","first-page":"2333","article-title":"Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States","volume":"286","author":"Lanciotti","year":"1999"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"480","article-title":"Previous infection with West Nile or St. Louis encephalitis viruses provides cross protection during reinfection in house finches","volume":"75","author":"Fang","year":"2006"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"471","article-title":"A neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native of Uganda","volume":"20","author":"Smithburn","year":"1940"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Biomed Res Int","first-page":"376230","article-title":"The global ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus","volume":"2015","author":"Chancey","year":"2015"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"519","article-title":"West Nile virus","volume":"2","author":"Campbell","year":"2002"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1559","article-title":"West Nile virus isolation from equines in Argentina, 2006","volume":"12","author":"Morales","year":"2006"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"689","article-title":"West Nile virus in birds, Argentina","volume":"14","author":"Diaz","year":"2008"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Public Health Rep","first-page":"340","article-title":"St. Louis encephalitis in 1933; observations on epidemiological features","volume":"73","author":"Lumsden","year":"1958"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Medicina (B Aires)","first-page":"467","article-title":"Saint Louis meningoencephalitis","volume":"45","author":"Durlach","year":"1985"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"271","article-title":"St. Louis encephalitis in Argentina: the first case reported in the last seventeen years","volume":"9","author":"Spinsanti","year":"2003"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J Clin Virol","first-page":"27","article-title":"Human outbreak of St. Louis encephalitis detected in Argentina, 2005","volume":"42","author":"Spinsanti","year":"2008"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Medicina (B Aires)","first-page":"211","article-title":"Outbreak of St. Louis encephalitis in the metropolitan Buenos Aires area [in Spanish]","volume":"71","author":"Seijo","year":"2011"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Front Physiol","first-page":"493","article-title":"Intertwined arbovirus transmission activity: reassessing the transmission cycle paradigm","volume":"3","author":"Diaz","year":"2012"},{"key":"b14","author":"Mitchell","year":"1980"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis","first-page":"715","article-title":"Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on wild birds in north-central Argentina","volume":"5","author":"Flores","year":"2014"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Exp Appl Acarol","first-page":"129","article-title":"The life cycle of Amblyomma parvum Aragao, 1908 (Acari: Ixodidae) under laboratory conditions","volume":"13","author":"Guglielmone","year":"1991"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"945","article-title":"Arbovirus investigations in Argentina, 1977\u20131980. 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