{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T17:50:51Z","timestamp":1773251451412,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We compared the efficacy of three intervention packages for active case detection (ACD) of visceral leishmaniasis (VL)\/post\u2013kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) combined with sandfly control around an index case. The packages were 1) no kala-azar transmission activity involving indoor residual spraying (IRS) with deltamethrin, peri-domestic deployment of larvicide with temephos, and house-to-house search for cases; 2) fever camp (FC) plus durable wall lining (DWL) with deltamethrin; and 3) FC plus insecticide (deltamethrin) impregnated bed-nets (ITN) around an index case. Fever camp includes 1-day campaign at the village level to screen and diagnose VL, PKDL, leprosy, malaria, and tuberculosis among residents with chronic fever or skin disease. Efficacy was measured through yield of new cases, vector density reduction, and mortality at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months following intervention. Fever camp + DWL was the most efficacious intervention package with 0.5 case detected per intervention, 79% reduction in vector density (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.21, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.010), and 95.1% (95% confidence interval: 93.4%, 96.8%) sandfly mortality at 12 months. No kala-azar transmission activity was efficacious for vector control (74% vector reduction, IRR = 0.26, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001 at 9 months; and 84% sandfly mortality at 3 months), but not for case detection (0 case per intervention). Fever camp + ITN was efficacious in detection of VL\/PKDL cases (0.43 case per intervention), but its efficacy for vector control was inconsistent. We recommend index case\u2013based FC for ACD combined with DWL or IRS plus larvicide for sandfly control during the consolidation and maintenance phases of the VL elimination program of the Indian subcontinent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]],"date-time":"2018-11-20T07:17:11Z","timestamp":1542698231000},"page":"97-107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Intervention Packages for Early Visceral Leishmaniasis Case Detection and Sandfly Control in Bangladesh: A Comparative Analysis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"M. Mamun","family":"Huda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debashis","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Alim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md.","family":"Almahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piero L.","family":"Olliaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Matlashewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Kroeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland;"},{"name":"Centre for Medicine and Society, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dinesh","family":"Mondal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"PloS One","first-page":"e35671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Regional Technical Advisory Group on Kala-Azar Elimination. Report of the First Meeting, Manesar, Haaryana, 20\u201323 December 2004","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep","first-page":"163","article-title":"Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis) elimination in Bangladesh: successes and challenges","volume":"1","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Indian J Med Res","first-page":"275","article-title":"The epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh: prospects for improved control","volume":"123","author":"Bern","year":"2006"},{"key":"b5","author":"Rahman","year":"2008"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"150","article-title":"Infectivity of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients to sand flies: revisiting a proof of concept in the context of the kala-azar elimination program in the Indian subcontinent","volume":"65","author":"Molina","year":"2017"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"National Guideline for Kala-azar Case Management in Bangladesh","author":"NKEP, CDC","year":"2016"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e960","article-title":"Options for active case detection of visceral leishmaniasis in endemic districts of India, Nepal and Bangladesh, comparing yield, feasibility and costs","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2011"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"408","article-title":"Feasibility of a combined camp approach for vector control together with active case detection of visceral leishmaniasis, post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, tuberculosis, leprosy and malaria in Bangladesh, India and Nepal: an exploratory study","volume":"109","author":"Banjara","year":"2015"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Active case detection in national visceral leishmaniasis elimination programs in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal: feasibility, performance and costs","volume":"12","author":"Huda","year":"2012"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"1382","article-title":"Insecticide-treated bed nets in rural Bangladesh: their potential role in the visceral leishmaniasis elimination programme","volume":"15","author":"Mondal","year":"2010"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1131","article-title":"Reducing visceral leishmaniasis by insecticide impregnation of bed-nets, Bangladesh","volume":"19","author":"Mondal","year":"2013"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"358","article-title":"Multicentre studies of insecticide-treated durable wall lining in Africa and South-East Asia: entomological efficacy and household acceptability during one year of field use","volume":"11","author":"Messenger","year":"2012"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004932","article-title":"Efficacy, safety and cost of insecticide treated wall lining, insecticide treated bed nets and indoor wall wash with lime for visceral leishmaniasis vector control in the Indian sub-continent: a multi-country cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Mondal","year":"2016"},{"key":"b15","year":"2010"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc","first-page":"302","article-title":"A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. 1925","volume":"3","author":"Abbott","year":"1987"},{"key":"b17","year":"1990"},{"key":"b18","author":"Najera","year":"2001"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"577","article-title":"Evaluation of long-lasting microbial larvicide for malaria vector control in Kenya","volume":"15","author":"Afrane","year":"2016"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"37","article-title":"Efficacy and efficiency of new Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus formulations against Afrotropical anophelines in Western Kenya","volume":"8","author":"Fillinger","year":"2003"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0005890","article-title":"Control of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand fly in Bangladesh: a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2017"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"539","article-title":"Entomological efficacy of durable wall lining with reduced wall surface coverage for strengthening visceral leishmaniasis vector control in Bangladesh, India and Nepal","volume":"16","author":"Huda","year":"2016"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol","first-page":"729","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian sub-continent: a multi-centre study of the costs of three interventions for the control of the sandfly vector, Phlebotomus argentipes","volume":"102","author":"Das","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/100\/1\/article-p97.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/100\/1\/article-p97.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/100\/1\/article-p97.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T12:36:59Z","timestamp":1722429419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/100\/1\/article-p97.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0290","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]]}}}