{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T12:47:11Z","timestamp":1793710031744,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The pork tapeworm, <jats:italic>Taenia solium<\/jats:italic>, is among the leading causes of preventable epilepsy in the world and is common in rural areas of developing countries where sanitation is limited and pigs have access to human feces. Prior studies in rural villages of Peru have observed clusters of <jats:italic>T. solium<\/jats:italic> cysticercosis among pigs that live near human tapeworm carriers. Such spatial analyses, however, have been limited by incomplete participation and substandard diagnostic tests. In this study, we evaluated the association between necropsy-confirmed cysticercosis in pigs and their distance to <jats:italic>T. solium<\/jats:italic> tapeworm carriers in six villages in northern Peru. A total of six (1.4%) tapeworm carriers were detected using copro-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and seven of 10 (70%) pigs belonging to the tapeworm carriers were found with viable cyst infection on necropsy. This was significantly greater than the prevalence of viable cyst infection among pigs living &lt; 500 m (11%) and &gt; 500 m (0.5%) from a tapeworm carrier (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001 for distance trend). Similar statistically significant prevalence gradients were observed after adjustment for possible confounders and for other pig-level outcomes including infection with &gt; 10 viable cysts, degenerated cyst infection, and serological outcomes. This investigation confirms that porcine cysticercosis clusters strongly around tapeworm carriers in endemic rural regions of northern Peru and supports interventions that target these hotspots.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T07:00:45Z","timestamp":1545116445000},"page":"314-322","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Clustering of Necropsy-Confirmed Porcine Cysticercosis Surrounding Taenia solium Tapeworm Carriers in Peru"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Andres G.","family":"Lescano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian W.","family":"Pray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando E.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Gilman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Research Department, Asociaci\u00f3n Ben\u00e9fica PRISMA (Proyectos en Informatica, Salud, Medicina y Agricultura), Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor C. W.","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Gamboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Claudia","family":"Guezala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viterbo","family":"Aybar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Neurol\u00f3gicas, Cysticercosis Unit, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence H.","family":"Moulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elli","family":"Leontsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Gonzalvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth E.","family":"O\u2019Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector H.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Center for Global Health Tumbes, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Neurol\u00f3gicas, Cysticercosis Unit, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"_","family":"_","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Science University and Portland State University, Portland, Oregon;"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"89","article-title":"Relationship between epilepsy and tropical diseases","volume":"35","author":"Commission on Tropical Diseases of the International League Against Epilepsy","year":"1994"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"376","article-title":"Swine cysticercosis hotspots surrounding Taenia solium tapeworm carriers","volume":"76","author":"Lescano","year":"2007"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e1953","article-title":"Geographic correlation between tapeworm carriers and heavily infected cysticercotic pigs","volume":"6","author":"O\u2019Neal","year":"2012"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0005536","article-title":"Spatial relationship between Taenia solium tapeworm carriers and necropsy cyst burden in 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