{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T07:27:59Z","timestamp":1770708479149,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-specific population immunity to many vaccine-preventable diseases can be measured using serological surveys. However, stand-alone serological surveys are infrequently conducted in low- and middle-income countries because of costs, operational challenges, and potential high refusal rates for blood collection. Nesting a serosurvey within a household cluster survey may overcome some of these challenges. We share lessons learned from nesting a serosurvey within a measles and rubella vaccination post-campaign coverage evaluation survey (PCES). In 15 of the 26 PCES clusters in Southern Province, Zambia, we collected dried blood spots from 581 participants aged 9 months and older. Household participation rates for the main PCES were higher in the serosurvey clusters (86%) than PCES-only clusters (71%), suggesting that a serosurvey can be successfully integrated without adversely affecting PCES participation. Among households that participated in the PCES, 80% also participated in the serosurvey and 86% of individuals available in the household provided a blood sample for the serosurvey. Substantial planning and coordination, additional staff training, and community mobilization were critical to the success of the serosurvey. Most challenges stemmed from using different data collecting tools and teams for the serosurvey and PCES. A more efficient design would be to fully integrate the serosurvey by adding blood collection and additional questions to the PCES.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]],"date-time":"2018-10-02T07:00:29Z","timestamp":1538463629000},"page":"1639-1642","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Integrating Blood Collection within Household Surveys: Lessons Learned from Nesting a Measles and Rubella Serological Survey within a Post-Campaign Coverage Evaluation Survey in Southern Province, Zambia"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Mutembo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Government of the Republic of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, College of Public Health, Athens, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Carcelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis D.","family":"Mwansa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Government of the Republic of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Searle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane W.","family":"Wanyiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Book","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip E.","family":"Thuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyla","family":"Hayford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Trop Med Int Health","first-page":"1086","article-title":"Seroepidemiology: an underused tool for designing and monitoring vaccination programmes in low\u2010and middle\u2010income countries","volume":"21","author":"Cutts","year":"2013"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"4893","article-title":"Issues and considerations in the use of serologic biomarkers for classifying vaccination history in household surveys","volume":"32","author":"MacNeil","year":"2014"},{"key":"b3","author":"Nguipdop-Djomo","year":"2013"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"416","article-title":"Strategies for coordination of a serosurvey in parallel with an immunization coverage survey","volume":"93","author":"Travassos","year":"2015"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"PLoS 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disease","volume":"388","author":"Metcalf","year":"2016"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"4103","article-title":"Monitoring vaccination coverage: defining the role of surveys","volume":"34","author":"Cutts","year":"2016"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"314","article-title":"Surveys of measles vaccination coverage in eastern and southern Africa: a review of quality and methods used","volume":"93","author":"Kaiser","year":"2015"},{"key":"b11","author":"WHO","year":"2018"},{"key":"b12","author":"Ministry of Health Zambia","year":"2017"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"S570","article-title":"MenAfriVac as an antitetanus vaccine","volume":"61","author":"Borrow","year":"2015"},{"key":"b14","author":"Central Statistical Office Zambia, Ministry of Health Zambia, ICF International","year":"2014"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"751","article-title":"Comparative detection of measles and 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