{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:20:16Z","timestamp":1790835616264,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe flooding has been linked to outbreaks of leptospirosis. Two sequential extreme flood events in Western Fiji caused the largest outbreak of leptospirosis recorded in the South Pacific, with 1,217 total suspected cases, of which 314 were probable and confirmed. Most (83%) cases occurred within 6 weeks of the flood events, displaying a biphasic epidemic curve associated with the floods. Given the temporal proximity of cases to flooding events, most of the transmission appeared to occur during or immediately after the floods; therefore, prevention of exposure to contaminated environments is a priority in the immediate flood and post-flood period. In addition, genotyping studies suggest that multiple animal reservoirs were implicated in the outbreak, reaffirming the importance of integrated human and animal health strategies for leptospirosis control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]],"date-time":"2018-08-21T07:01:02Z","timestamp":1534834862000},"page":"849-851","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["A Large Leptospirosis Outbreak following Successive Severe Floods in Fiji, 2012"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Eri","family":"Togami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Kama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Suva, Fiji;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyrille","family":"Goarant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leptospirosis Unit, Institut Pasteur in New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott B.","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia;"},{"name":"Forensic and Scientific Service, WHO Leptospirosis Laboratory, Brisbane, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Population Health, Australia National University, Canberra, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana M.","family":"Ritter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Imrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert I.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Nilles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pacific Technical Support, World Health Organization, Suva, Fiji"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"91","article-title":"Outbreak of leptospirosis after flood, the Philippines, 2009","volume":"18","author":"Amilasan","year":"2012"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"631","article-title":"Climate change, flooding, urbanisation and leptospirosis: fuelling the fire?","volume":"104","author":"Lau","year":"2010"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e228","article-title":"Impact of environment and social gradient on Leptospira infection in urban slums","volume":"2","author":"Reis","year":"2008"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"605","article-title":"Population-based case-control investigation of risk factors for leptospirosis during an urban epidemic","volume":"66","author":"Sarkar","year":"2002"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis","first-page":"376","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"18","author":"McBride","year":"2005"},{"key":"b6","author":"Fiji Ministry of Health","year":"2010"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Fiji Med J","first-page":"68","article-title":"History of leptospirosis in Fiji.","volume":"3","author":"Ram","year":"1977"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"147","article-title":"Leptospirosis in the Asia Pacific region","volume":"9","author":"Victoriano","year":"2009"},{"key":"b9","author":"Zinsstag","year":"2015"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Fiji Med J","first-page":"8","article-title":"Leptospirosis in Fiji: incidence between 2000 to 2007 and review of literature","volume":"29","author":"Ghosh","year":"2010"},{"key":"b11","year":"2012"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e39672","article-title":"Leptospirosis outbreak following severe flooding: a rapid assessment and mass prophylaxis campaign; 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