{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T07:29:36Z","timestamp":1783582176556,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With prequalification of a typhoid conjugate vaccine by the World Health Organization, countries are deciding whether and at what geographic scale to provide the vaccine. Optimal local data to clarify typhoid risk are expensive and often unavailable. To determine whether quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) can be used as a tool to detect typhoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> DNA in the environment and approximate the burden of enteric fever, we tested water samples from urban Dhaka, where enteric fever burden is high, and rural Mirzapur, where enteric fever burden is low and sporadic. Sixty-six percent (38\/59) of the water sources of Dhaka were contaminated with typhoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> DNA, in contrast to none of 33 samples of Mirzapur. If these results can be replicated in larger scale in Bangladesh and other enteric fever endemic areas, drinking water testing could become a low-cost approach to determine the presence of typhoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> in the environment that can, in turn, guide informed-design of blood culture-based surveillance and thus assist policy decisions on investing to control typhoid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]],"date-time":"2018-11-13T07:00:41Z","timestamp":1542092441000},"page":"43-46","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Evaluating PCR-Based Detection of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A in the Environment as an Enteric Fever Surveillance Tool"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Senjuti","family":"Saha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arif M.","family":"Tanmoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason R.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad S. I.","family":"Sajib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander T.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Enteric Infections, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen P.","family":"Luby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir K.","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation, Department of Microbiology, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh;"},{"name":"Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1545","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Vos","year":"2016"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J","first-page":"1093","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis: implications for treatment and measuring disease burden","volume":"24","author":"Saha","year":"2005"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Vaccine","first-page":"153","article-title":"Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper, March 2018 \u2013Recommendations","volume":"2018","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"b4","article-title":"Typhoid vaccine prequalified","author":"WHO","year":"2018"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"J Econ Hist","first-page":"41","article-title":"Typhoid fever, water quality, and human capital formation","volume":"76","author":"Beach","year":"2016"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"489","article-title":"On the Mills-Reincke phenomenin and Hazen\u2019s theorem concerning the decrease in mortality from diseases other than typhoid fever following the purification of public water supplies","volume":"7","author":"Sedwick","year":"1910"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"FRIN","first-page":"587","article-title":"Salmonella in surface and drinking water: occurrence and water-mediated transmission","volume":"45","author":"Levantesi","year":"2012"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol","first-page":"588","article-title":"Serotyping, PCR, phage-typing and antibiotic sensitivity testing of Salmonella serovars isolated from urban drinking water supply systems of Nepal","volume":"44","author":"Bhatta","year":"2007"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"145","article-title":"Causes and incidence of community-acquired serious infections among young children in south Asia (ANISA): an observational cohort study","volume":"392","author":"Saha","year":"2018"},{"key":"b10","article-title":"Global invasive bacterial vaccine preventable disease and rotavirus surveillance network bulletin","author":"WHO","year":"2017"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004346","article-title":"The ecological dynamics of fecal contamination and Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A in municipal Kathmandu drinking water","volume":"10","author":"Karkey","year":"2016"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"125","article-title":"The sensitivity of real-time PCR amplification targeting invasive Salmonella serovars in biological specimens","volume":"10","author":"Nga","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/100\/1\/article-p43.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/100\/1\/article-p43.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/100\/1\/article-p43.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T11:22:27Z","timestamp":1722424947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/100\/1\/article-p43.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0428","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]]}}}