{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:57:15Z","timestamp":1773287835115,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We describe the case of a 12-year-old boy from Sudan who presented with fever of 1-week duration, headache, cough, and vomiting. A set of diagnostic tests led to the diagnosis of three infectious diseases: visceral leishmaniasis (probable diagnosis based on positive direct agglutination test), enteric fever (blood culture grown with <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Paratyphi), and brucellosis (blood culture grown with <jats:italic>Brucella melitensis<\/jats:italic>). The patient received specific treatment of the three infections and recovered. This case illustrates the occurrence and possible implications of coinfections in patients with persistent fever, including conditions that are hard to diagnose in field settings, such as brucellosis and enteric fever.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,25]],"date-time":"2018-09-25T07:00:43Z","timestamp":1537858843000},"page":"1150-1152","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Case Report: Visceral Leishmaniasis with Salmonella Paratyphi and Brucella melitensis Coinfection as a Cause of Persistent Fever in a Patient from Sudan"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Sayda","family":"El Safi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hussam","family":"Elshikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enaam","family":"El Sanousi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brucella Department, Veterinary Research Institute, Khartoum, Sudan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nagwa","family":"El Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfarazdag","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristien","family":"Verdonck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Boelaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Chappuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004749","article-title":"Diagnosis of persistent fever in the tropics: set of standard operating procedures used in the NIDIAG febrile syndrome study","volume":"10","author":"Alirol","year":"2016"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"S27","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Sudan. Visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"95","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2001"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"501","article-title":"Studies in leishmaniasis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 11. Skin and lymph glands in kala-azar","volume":"33","author":"Kirk","year":"1940"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e35671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Int J Epidemiol","first-page":"862","article-title":"The epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis in western Upper Nile, southern Sudan: course and impact from 1984 to 1994, 1996","volume":"25","author":"Seaman","year":"1996"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Microbes Infect","first-page":"1439","article-title":"Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Atbara River area, eastern Sudan: the outbreak of Barbar El Fugara village (1996\u20131997)","volume":"4","author":"EL-Safi","year":"2002"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"346","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid fever","volume":"82","author":"Crump","year":"2004"},{"key":"b8","author":"Ministry of Health, Gedaref State","year":"2010"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"860","article-title":"Evaluation of febrile patients in Port Sudan, Sudan: isolation of dengue virus","volume":"35","author":"Hyams","year":"1986"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"775","article-title":"Human brucellosis","volume":"7","author":"Franco","year":"2007"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"283","article-title":"An overview of human brucellosis","volume":"21","author":"Young","year":"1995"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Rev Sci Tech","first-page":"957","article-title":"Seroprevalence of brucellosis in sheep and isolation of Brucella abortus biovar 6 in Kassala state, eastern Sudan","volume":"33","author":"Gumaa","year":"2014"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Rev Sci Tech","first-page":"663","article-title":"Brucellosis in camels, cattle and humans: associations and evaluation of serological tests used for diagnosis of the disease in certain nomadic localities in Sudan","volume":"29","author":"Omer","year":"2010"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Saudi Med J","first-page":"577","article-title":"Brucellosis among animals and human contacts in eastern Sudan","volume":"22","author":"El-Ansary","year":"2001"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"86","article-title":"Brucellosis in the Gezira area, central Sudan","volume":"92","author":"Mohd","year":"1989"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"201","article-title":"Isolation of Brucella abortus in the Sudan","volume":"69","author":"Erwa","year":"1966"},{"key":"b17","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Clin Case Rep","first-page":"331","article-title":"First case of pulmonary tuberculosis and visceral leishmaniasis coinfection successfully treated with antituberculosis drug and liposomal amphotericin","volume":"2","author":"Hasnain","year":"2014"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"BMC Public Health","first-page":"332","article-title":"Concomitant malaria among visceral leishmaniasis in-patients from Gedarif and Sennar states, Sudan: a retrospective case-control study","volume":"13","author":"Van den Bogaart","year":"2013"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Turkiye Parazitol Derg","first-page":"141","article-title":"Co-existence of kala-azar and salmonellosis in a 16 month-old baby? Or a false positive widal reaction in kala-azar? [article in Turkish]","volume":"29","author":"Kayser\u0131l\u0131","year":"2005"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"390","article-title":"Concurrent infections in acute febrile illness patients in Egypt","volume":"77","author":"Parker","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/99\/5\/article-p1150.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/99\/5\/article-p1150.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/99\/5\/article-p1150.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T20:20:46Z","timestamp":1722457246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/99\/5\/article-p1150.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0466","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]]}}}