{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:30:33Z","timestamp":1790400633324,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nodding syndrome (NS) is an encephalopathy characterized by the core symptom of epileptic head nodding seizures, affecting children at the age between 3 and 18 years in distinct areas of tropical Africa. A consistent correlation with onchocerciasis was found, but so far, the causation of NS has not been fully clarified. With a systematic analysis of features of a cohort of epilepsy patients examined in the Itwara onchocerciasis focus of western Uganda in 1994, we provide evidence that NS actually occurred in this area at this time, and we demonstrate a correlation between prevalence of NS and that of onchocerciasis in different villages. Following the elimination of onchocerciasis by community-directed treatment with ivermectin and ground larviciding, our data provide a baseline to examine the question whether NS will disappear once its putative cause has been removed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T07:01:14Z","timestamp":1537254074000},"page":"1211-1218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy with Head Nodding Seizures\u2014Nodding Syndrome: A Case Series of 15 Patients from Western Uganda, 1994"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Christoph","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Health Services Kabarole and Bundibugyo Districts, Fort Portal, Uganda; Vector Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Fort Portal, Uganda; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Asaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Health Services Kabarole and Bundibugyo Districts, Fort Portal, Uganda; Vector Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Fort Portal, Uganda; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Rubaale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Health Services Kabarole and Bundibugyo Districts, Fort Portal, Uganda; Vector Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Fort Portal, Uganda; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ephraim","family":"Tukesiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Health Services Kabarole and Bundibugyo Districts, Fort Portal, Uganda; Vector Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Fort Portal, Uganda; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Kipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic Health Services Kabarole and Bundibugyo Districts, Fort Portal, Uganda; Vector Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Fort Portal, Uganda; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"East Afr Med J","first-page":"554","article-title":"Epilepsy and retarded growth in a hyperendemic focus of onchocerciasis in rural western Uganda","volume":"69","author":"Ovuga","year":"1992"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"183","article-title":"Onchocerciasis and epilepsy in Uganda","volume":"343","author":"Kipp","year":"1994"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"361","article-title":"The prevalence of epilepsy follows the distribution of onchocerciasis in a west Ugandan focus","volume":"74","author":"Kaiser","year":"1996"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot","first-page":"255","article-title":"Clinical and electro-clinical classification of epileptic seizures in west Uganda","volume":"93","author":"Kaiser","year":"2000"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"198","article-title":"Case report: nodding syndrome, western Uganda, 1994","volume":"93","author":"Kaiser","year":"2015"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand","first-page":"57","article-title":"Epilepsy in the Wapagoro tribe in Tanganyika","volume":"41","author":"Aall-Jilek","year":"1965"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"714","article-title":"Nodding disease: mystery of southern Sudan","volume":"2","author":"Lacey","year":"2003"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Afr Health Sci","first-page":"183","article-title":"Nodding syndrome in Mundri county, South Sudan: environmental, nutritional and infectious factors","volume":"13","author":"Spencer","year":"2013"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e002540","article-title":"Nodding syndrome in Ugandan children\u2013clinical features, brain imaging and complications: a case series","volume":"3","author":"Idro","year":"2014"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e66419","article-title":"An epidemiologic investigation of potential risk factors for nodding syndrome in Kitgum District, Uganda","volume":"8","author":"Foltz","year":"2013"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Ethn Health","first-page":"100","article-title":"Nodding syndrome or disease? 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