{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T14:59:20Z","timestamp":1761490760016},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Schistosomiasis is traditionally classified into an acute and a chronic phase, although a precise temporal distinction between the two phases has not been established. Lung involvement can be observed in both phases. We previously reported seven cases of pulmonary lesions due to chronic schistosomiasis in African immigrants. All cases were documented with CT scans and demonstrated complete resolution after treatment with praziquantel. Moreover, another case showed spontaneous disappearance of the nodule before treatment with praziquantel. These findings are similar to those observed in the acute phase of schistosomiasis, with well-defined or ground glass nodules that resolve spontaneously. According to these findings, we postulate the presence of an \u201cintermediate\u201d phase of schistosomiasis involving the lungs that can be defined as an \u201cearly chronic phase,\u201d and presents analogies to the acute phase. We also hypothesize that in the \u201cearly chronic phase,\u201d the female worms transit through the lungs where they may lay eggs. These passages not only cause transient, but also radiologically visible alterations. The pathophysiology of lung lesions in the late chronic phase is probably different: the adult worms settled in the mesenteric plexuses produce eggs for years. The eggs repeatedly migrate to the perialveolar capillary beds via portal-caval shunting. Thus, in this case it is the eggs and not the adult worms that reach the lungs in a scattered way. Based on our findings, we suggest the alternative hypothesis that the pulmonary involvement is a phase of the natural evolution of the infection, both from <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]],"date-time":"2019-02-26T07:00:49Z","timestamp":1551164449000},"page":"1049-1051","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Restaging Pulmonary Schistosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Federico","family":"Gobbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS-Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Buonfrate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS-Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Angheben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS-Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeno","family":"Bisoffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS-Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy;"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec","first-page":"749","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases: number of people treated in 2016","volume":"49","author":"WHO","year":"2017"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"218","article-title":"Katayama syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Ross","year":"2007"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo","first-page":"311","article-title":"Pulmonary manifestations in the initial phase of schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"37","author":"Rocha","year":"1995"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"718","article-title":"Pulmonary manifestations of early schistosome infection among nonimmune travelers","volume":"15","author":"Schwartz","year":"2000"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz","first-page":"422","article-title":"Acute schistosomiasis mansoni: revisited and reconsidered","volume":"105","author":"Lambertucci","year":"2010"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenology","first-page":"1300","article-title":"Acute schistosomiasis in nonimmune travelers: chest CT findings in 10 patients","volume":"186","author":"Nguyen","year":"2006"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0006144","article-title":"Paediatric schistosomiasis: what we know and what we need to know","volume":"12","author":"Osakunor","year":"2018"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"2253","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"Colley","year":"2014"},{"year":"2018","author":"Italian Senate","key":"b9"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"e159","article-title":"Pulmonary nodules in African migrants caused by chronic schistosomiasis","volume":"17","author":"Gobbi","year":"2017"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"611","article-title":"Early detection of schistosoma egg-induced pulmonary granulomas in a returning traveler","volume":"94","author":"Coron","year":"2016"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry","first-page":"141","article-title":"Schistosomiasis of the central nervous system; experiences in World War II and a review of the literature","volume":"59","author":"Kane","year":"1948"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Pulm Circ","first-page":"596","article-title":"Schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary hypertension","volume":"4","author":"Papamatheakis","year":"2014"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"305","article-title":"Pathogenesis of schistosomal pulmonary arteritis","volume":"19","author":"Andrade","year":"1970"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"175","article-title":"An inquiry into the ectopic lesions in schistosomiasis","volume":"28","author":"Faust","year":"1948"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"72","article-title":"Early complicated schistosomiasis in a returning traveler: key contribution of new molecular diagnostic methods CMI","volume":"79","author":"Bonnefond","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/100\/5\/article-p1049.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/100\/5\/article-p1049.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/100\/5\/article-p1049.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T14:07:24Z","timestamp":1722434844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/100\/5\/article-p1049.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0576","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]}}}