{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:39:41Z","timestamp":1793295581367,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Melioidosis is a tropical infection, first described in Myanmar but now rarely diagnosed there, which is widespread in Southeast Asia. The infection is predominantly acquired by people and animals through contact with soil or water. This study aimed to detect the causative organism, <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>, in environmental samples from farms in Thanlyin and Hmawbi townships near Yangon, Myanmar. One hundred and twenty soil samples and 12 water samples were collected and processed using standard microbiological methods. <jats:italic>Burkholderia<\/jats:italic> species were isolated from 50 of the 120 (42%) soil samples but none of the water samples. Arabinose assimilation was tested to differentiate between <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> and the nonpathogenic <jats:italic>Burkholderia thailandensis<\/jats:italic>, and seven of 50 isolates (14%) were negative. These were all confirmed as <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> by a species-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This is the first study to detect environmental <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic> in Myanmar and confirms that melioidosis is still endemic in the Yangon area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T07:02:04Z","timestamp":1550559724000},"page":"1082-1084","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Study of Burkholderia pseudomallei in the Environment of Farms in Thanlyin and Hmawbi Townships, Myanmar"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Mo Mo","family":"Win","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaung","family":"Hla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khin Phyu","family":"Phyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wah Wah","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyi Kyi","family":"Nyein Win","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su Nyein","family":"Aye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thin Thin","family":"Wah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khin Mar","family":"Aye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tin Tin","family":"Htwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May Than","family":"Htay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyaw Kyaw","family":"San","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Yangon, Myanmar;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Allan Brett","family":"Dance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR;"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Ind Med Gaz","first-page":"262","article-title":"An account of the discovery of a hitherto undescribed infective disease occurring among the population of Rangoon","volume":"47","author":"Whitmore","year":"1912"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers","first-page":"17107","article-title":"Melioidosis","volume":"4","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2018"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Ind Med Gaz","first-page":"296","article-title":"Morphia injector\u2019s septicaemia","volume":"52","author":"Krishnaswamy","year":"1917"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"S10","article-title":"Re-emergence of melioidosis in Myanmar","volume":"102","author":"Aung","year":"2008"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Myanmar Health Sci Res J","first-page":"114","article-title":"Detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei in patients with suppurative infections attending Yangon General Hospital and New Yangon General Hospital","volume":"25","author":"Htun","year":"2013"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"515","article-title":"Isolation of Pseudomonas pseudomallei from clay layers at defined depths","volume":"110","author":"Thomas","year":"1979"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Cowan and Steel\u2019s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria","first-page":"94","author":"Barrow","year":"1993"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Med Microbiol","first-page":"408","article-title":"Biochemical characteristics of clinical and environmental isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"45","author":"Wuthiekanun","year":"1996"},{"key":"b9","article-title":"Multiplex PCR and rec A PCR-PFLP for rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia thailandensis, Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia ubonensis","author":"Kerdsin","year":"2007"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e2105","article-title":"Systematic review and consensus guidelines for environmental sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"7","author":"Limmathurotsakul","year":"2013"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol","first-page":"6891","article-title":"Sensitive and specific molecular detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, in the soil of tropical northern Australia","volume":"73","author":"Kaestli","year":"2007"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol","first-page":"3722","article-title":"Evaluation of molecular methods to improve the detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil and water samples from Laos","volume":"81","author":"Knappik","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of 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