{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:32:49Z","timestamp":1787031169336,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Prevalence of and risk factors associated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-determined\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    positivity were assessed on day 3 after initiation of treatment, pre-implementation and up to 8 years post-deployment of artemether\u2013lumefantrine as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in Bagamoyo district, Tanzania. Samples originated from previously reported trials conducted between 2006 and 2014. Cytochrome b-nested PCR was used to detect malaria parasites from blood samples collected on a filter paper on day 3. Chi-square and McNemar chi-squared tests, logistic regression models, and analysis of variance were used as appropriate. Primary outcome was based on the proportion of patients with day 3 PCR-determined\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    positivity. Overall, 256\/584 (43.8%) of screened patients had day 3 PCR-determined positivity, whereas only 2\/584 (0.3%) had microscopy-determined asexual parasitemia. Day 3 PCR-determined positivity increased from 28.0% (14\/50) in 2006 to 74.2% (132\/178) in 2007\u20132008 and declined, thereafter, to 36.0% (50\/139) in 2012\u20132013 and 27.6% (60\/217) in 2014. When data were pooled, pretreatment microscopy-determined asexual parasitemia \u2265 100,000\/\u00b5L, hemoglobin &lt; 10 g\/dL, age &lt; 5 years, temperature \u2265 37.5\u00b0C, and year of study 2007\u20132008 and 2012\u20132013 were significantly associated with PCR-determined positivity on day 3. Significant increases in\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    multidrug resistance gene 1 N86 and\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    chloroquine resistant transporter K76 across years were not associated with PCR-determined positivity on day 3. No statistically significant association was observed between day 3 PCR-determined positivity and PCR-adjusted recrudescence. Day 3 PCR-determined\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    positivity remained common in patients treated before and after implementation of artemether\u2013lumefantrine in Bagamoyo district, Tanzania. However, its presence was associated with pretreatment characteristics. Trials registration numbers: NCT00336375, ISRCTN69189899, NCT01998295, and NCT02090036.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]],"date-time":"2019-03-12T03:00:51Z","timestamp":1552359651000},"page":"1179-1186","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Prevalence of and Risk Factors Associated with Polymerase Chain Reaction-Determined Plasmodium falciparum Positivity on Day 3 after Initiation of Artemether\u2013Lumefantrine Treatment for Uncomplicated Malaria in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Mwaiswelo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Billy","family":"Ngasala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania;"},{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Jovel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Malmberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden;"},{"name":"SLU Global Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Pedro","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden;"},{"name":"Drug Resistance Unit, Division of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zul","family":"Premji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno P.","family":"Mmbando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanga Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"M\u00e5rtensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, International Maternal and Child Health (IMCH), Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"World Malaria Report 2014","author":"World Health 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