{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T22:47:56Z","timestamp":1778366876967,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>War provides ideal grounds for the outbreak of infectious diseases, and the Syrian war is not an exception to this rule. Following the civil crisis, Syria and refugee camps of neighboring countries witnessed an outbreak of leishmaniasis. We accessed the database of the central leishmaniasis registry in Latakia city and obtained the leishmaniasis data of the period 2008\u20132016. Our data showed that the years 2013 and 2014 recorded a surge in the number of both cutaneous leishmaniases (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases. This surge coincided with the massive internal displacement waves that struck Latakia governorate during that time. Subsequently, after 2015, the number of recorded CL and VL cases gradually decreased. This drop coincided with a reduced influx of internally displaced persons into Latakia governorate. Our report depicts the effects of the Syrian crisis on the epidemiology of leishmaniasis by outlining the experience of Latakia governorate. Similar results may have occurred in other refugee-hosting Syrian governorates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T07:15:15Z","timestamp":1559632515000},"page":"108-112","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Visceral and Cutaneous Leishmaniases in a City in Syria and the Effects of the Syrian Conflict"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Alexey","family":"Youssef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rim","family":"Harfouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Andalus University, Tartous, Syria;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Said","family":"El Zein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zuheir","family":"Alshehabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafea","family":"Shaaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tishreen University, Latakia, Syria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Souha S.","family":"Kanj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"PLoS Pathog","first-page":"e1004438","article-title":"War and infectious diseases: challenges of the Syrian civil war","volume":"10","author":"Sharara","year":"2014"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e3208","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in the middle east: incidence and epidemiology","volume":"8","author":"Salam","year":"2014"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0004545","article-title":"Old world cutaneous leishmaniasis and refugee crises in the middle east and north Africa","volume":"10","author":"Du","year":"2016"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e35671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence","volume":"7","author":"Alvar","year":"2012"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"The Natural History of Aleppo and Parts Adjacent","author":"Russel","year":"1756"},{"key":"b6","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"657","article-title":"Twenty years of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Aleppo, Syria","volume":"91","author":"Tayeh","year":"1997"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"East Mediterr Health J","first-page":"7","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices about leishmaniasis among cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic","volume":"18","author":"Abazid","year":"2012"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"1027","article-title":"Two separate growth phases during the development of Leishmania in sand flies: implications for understanding the life cycle","volume":"33","author":"Gossage","year":"2003"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"524","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the central provinces of Hama and Edlib in Syria: vector identification and parasite typing","volume":"8","author":"Haddad","year":"2015"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1973","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in northern Syria during civil war","volume":"24","author":"Rehman","year":"2018"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"Ann Parasitol Hum Comp","first-page":"203","article-title":"[Ecoepidemiology of leishmaniasis in Syria. 1. Leishmania major Yakimoff and Schokhor (Kinetoplastida-Trypanosomatidae) infestation of Psammomys obesus cretzschmar (Rodentia-Gerbillidae)]","volume":"65","author":"Rioux","year":"1990"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Korean J Parasitol","first-page":"75","article-title":"An epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Al-jabal Al-gharbi, Libya","volume":"51","author":"Abdellatif","year":"2013"},{"key":"b13","series-title":"J Acute Dis","first-page":"292","article-title":"Prevalence and epidemiologic profile of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic focus, Southwestern Iran","volume":"4","author":"Feiz-Haddad","year":"2015"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Ceylon Med J","first-page":"10","article-title":"Clinical features, risk factors and efficacy of cryotherapy in cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka","volume":"48","author":"Siriwardena","year":"2003"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"901","article-title":"Pediatric cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic region in India","volume":"91","author":"Agrawal","year":"2014"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1712","article-title":"Ongoing epidemic of cutaneous leishmaniasis among Syrian refugees, Lebanon","volume":"20","author":"Saroufim","year":"2014"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"460","article-title":"A review of visceral leishmaniasis during the conflict in South Sudan and the consequences for East African countries","volume":"9","author":"Al-Salem","year":"2016"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Acta Trop","first-page":"147","article-title":"Epidemic outbreak of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kohat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","volume":"172","author":"Hussain","year":"2017"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"WHO Response to Malnutrition in Syria: A Focus on Surveillance, Case Detection and Clinical Management","author":"Khudari","year":"2015"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"209","article-title":"Epidemiological role of dogs since the human leishmaniosis outbreak in Madrid","volume":"10","author":"Mir\u00f3","year":"2017"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"931","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis and conflict in Syria","volume":"22","author":"Al-Salem","year":"2016"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"115","article-title":"Revisiting leishmaniasis in the time of war: the Syrian conflict and the Lebanese outbreak","volume":"29","author":"Alawieh","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/101\/1\/article-p108.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/101\/1\/article-p108.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/101\/1\/article-p108.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T21:16:57Z","timestamp":1722460617000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/101\/1\/article-p108.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0778","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9637","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-1645","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]]}}}