{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:48:08Z","timestamp":1791910088026,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Manifestations of neurocysticercosis (NCC) are primarily due to host inflammatory responses directed at drug-damaged or naturally degenerating metacestodes (cysts) of the tapeworm <jats:italic>Taenia solium<\/jats:italic>. Prolonged high-dose corticosteroids are frequently required to control this inflammation in complicated disease, often causing severe side effects. Studies evaluating alternatives to corticosteroids are lacking. Here, we describe the clinical course of NCC in 16 patients prescribed etanercept (ETN), a tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor to control inflammation resulting from anthelmintic treatment. Twelve patients with extraparenchymal NCC were administered ETN with corticosteroids (11\/12, 91.7%) and\/or methotrexate (9\/12, 75.0%). The median age of the subgroup with extraparenchymal NCC was 40 years (range 26\u201357 years) and 66.7% were male. They were administered ETN for a median period of 311 days (range 31\u2013461 days) and then followed for a median of 3.4 years (range 0.3\u20136.6 years). Among nine assessable patients, all improved clinically after starting ETN and one deteriorated transiently. Of the remaining three, one was lost to follow-up and two patients have improved but had not completed their assigned course. Four additional persons with recurrent perilesional edema (PE) episodes were given ETN for a median of 400.5 days (range 366\u2013854 days) and followed post-ETN for a median of 1.7 years (range 0.2\u20132.4 years). All PE patients improved and two successfully tapered corticosteroids. Etanercept administration was associated with clinical improvement, stable disease, absence of recurrence, and lack of serious side effects. Etanercept appears to contribute to the control of inflammation and facilitate corticosteroid taper.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,3]],"date-time":"2019-01-03T07:00:32Z","timestamp":1546498832000},"page":"609-616","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Etanercept to Control Inflammation in the Treatment of Complicated Neurocysticercosis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Theodore E.","family":"Nash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JeanAnne M.","family":"Ware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Coyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddhartha","family":"Mahanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"1202","article-title":"Clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of neurocysticercosis","volume":"13","author":"Garcia","year":"2014"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"1","article-title":"The racemose form of cerebral cysticercosis","volume":"75","author":"Bickerstaff","year":"1952"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Folia 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Hyg","first-page":"35","article-title":"Interleukin levels in cerebrospinal fluid from children with neurocysticercosis","volume":"64","author":"Aguilar-Rebolledo","year":"2001"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0006059","article-title":"TNF-alpha blockade suppresses pericystic inflammation following anthelmintic treatment in porcine neurocysticercosis","volume":"11","author":"Mahanty","year":"2017"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther","first-page":"618","article-title":"Neuroprotection with a brain-penetrating biologic tumor necrosis factor inhibitor","volume":"339","author":"Zhou","year":"2011"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1966","article-title":"Case 15-2016: a 32-year-old man with olfactory hallucinations and paresthesias","volume":"374","author":"Ronthal","year":"2016"},{"key":"b12","series-title":"Curr Opin Neurol","first-page":"307","article-title":"Neurosarcoidosis: diagnostic approaches and therapeutic 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disease","volume":"14","author":"Decourt","year":"2017"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Int J Neurosci","first-page":"936","article-title":"Soluble or soluble\/membrane TNF-alpha inhibitors protect the brain from focal ischemic injury in rats","volume":"125","author":"Arango-Davila","year":"2015"},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Neurochem Res","first-page":"591","article-title":"Etanercept alleviates early brain injury following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage and the possible role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and c-jun N-terminal kinase pathway","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2015"},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"171","article-title":"Impact of Taenia solium neurocysticercosis upon endocrine status and its relation with immuno-inflammatory parameters","volume":"42","author":"Cardenas","year":"2012"},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol","first-page":"73","article-title":"Neurocysticercosis: local and systemic immune-inflammatory 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double-blind randomised controlled trial","volume":"363","author":"Klareskog","year":"2004"},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Mol Pharm","first-page":"2340","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier penetrating biologic TNF-alpha inhibitor for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and 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