{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T20:50:37Z","timestamp":1762980637088},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>During the building of the Thai\u2013Burma railway in 1943 Australian and British prisoners of war died at high rates from tropical infections and nutritional deficiencies. Mortality records from \u201cF\u201d Force (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 7,000) showed nearly half (44%) of the soldiers perished in a single year, yet only 4% of these deaths were primarily attributed to malaria, with another 7% where malaria was listed as a major contributing cause. Case fatality rates were &lt; 1%, with nearly all soldiers chronically infected with <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> &gt; <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>. Separate labor camp point prevalence malaria rates by microscopy ranged from 28% to 69% (median 54%) despite intermittent quinine suppression. During complex public health emergencies, malaria mortality may be disguised by its combination with other common infections and nutritional deficiencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T08:47:30Z","timestamp":1548146850000},"page":"846-850","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Malaria-Associated Mortality in Australian and British Prisoners of War on the Thai\u2013Burma Railway 1943\u20131944"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"George Dennis","family":"Shanks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Enoggera, Australia;"},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"year":"1983","series-title":"The Burma-Siam Railway: The Secret Diary of Dr. Robert Hardie 1942\u201345","author":"Hardie","key":"b1"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Bull World Health Organ","first-page":"181","article-title":"Changes in the pattern of mortality following the eradication of hyperendemic malaria from a highly susceptible community","volume":"46","author":"Giglioli","year":"1972"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"564","article-title":"Malaria\u2019s indirect contribution to all-cause mortality in the Andaman Islands during the colonial era","volume":"8","author":"Shanks","year":"2008"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"185","article-title":"Island fever: the historical determinants of malaria in the Andaman Islands","volume":"104","author":"Shanks","year":"2010"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Br Med J","first-page":"481","article-title":"Medical experiences in Japanese captivity","volume":"2","author":"Dunlop","year":"1946"},{"year":"1990","series-title":"Hellfire Pass Memorial: Thai-Burma Railway","author":"Bradley","key":"b6"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Bull Liverpool Med Hist Soc","first-page":"55","article-title":"Disease and death on the Thai-Burma railway","volume":"96","author":"Gill","year":"1995"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"J Contemp Hist","first-page":"317","article-title":"Prisoners of war and civilian internees of the Japanese in British Asia: the similarities and contrasts of experience","volume":"47","author":"Yap","year":"2012"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"J R Army Med Corps","first-page":"266","article-title":"Medical arrangements for the contact and relief of allied prisoners of war and internees in south-east Asia","volume":"87","author":"Robinson","year":"1946"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"J R Army Med Corps","first-page":"149","article-title":"Report on nutrition, and discussion of the main causes of death, F Force, Thailand","volume":"89","author":"Reid","year":"1947"},{"key":"b11","series-title":"J R Army Med Corps","first-page":"85","article-title":"John Hull Grundy lecture. Mosquitoes, malaria and war; then and now","volume":"131","author":"Bruce-Chwatt","year":"1985"},{"year":"2005","series-title":"Surviving the Sword: Prisoners of the Japanese in the Far East, 1942\u201345","author":"MacArthur","key":"b12"},{"year":"1986","series-title":"The War Diaries of Weary Dunlop: Java and the Burma-Thailand Railway, 1942\u201345","author":"Dunlop","key":"b13"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"257","article-title":"Malaria among prisoners of war in Siam (\u201cF\u201d Force)","volume":"43","author":"Wilson","year":"1949"},{"year":"1968","series-title":"Medical Services in War: The Principal Medical Lessons of the Second World War: Based on the Official Medical Histories of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and India","author":"MacNalty","key":"b15"},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"544","article-title":"Malaria-associated mortality in the Australian Defence Force during the twentieth century","volume":"97","author":"Shanks","year":"2017"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Epidemiol Infect","first-page":"791","article-title":"Adult Javanese migrants to Indonesian Papua at high risk of severe disease caused by malaria","volume":"131","author":"Baird","year":"2003"},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Malar J","first-page":"122","article-title":"Malaria resurgence: a systematic review and assessment of its causes","volume":"11","author":"Cohen","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/100\/4\/article-p846.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/100\/4\/article-p846.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/tpmd\/100\/4\/article-p846.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T14:03:11Z","timestamp":1722434591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ajtmh.org\/view\/journals\/tpmd\/100\/4\/article-p846.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0887","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9637"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-1645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,3]]}}}