{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T10:34:45Z","timestamp":1752230085953},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we investigated the diagnostic utility of the cytokine profile of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays of patients with suspected tuberculous meningitis (TBM). We prospectively enrolled adult patients with suspected TBM, and CSF specimens were analyzed for 18 cytokines\/chemokines and soluble programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Enzyme-linked immunospot assays were performed on mononuclear cells from the CSF (CSF-MCs) and peripheral blood (PBMCs). A total of 87 patients with meningitis, including 42 TBM-suspected patients and 45 non-TBM patients, were enrolled. Excluding the 32 patients with possible TBM, 10 patients with TBM and 45 patients with non-TBM were finally analyzed. Levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA), interleukin 12 subunit \u03b2 (IL-12p40), IL-13, macrophage inflammatory protein \u03b1 (MIP-1\u03b1), and soluble PD-1 and PD-L1 in the CSF were significantly higher in the TBM group than in the non-TBM group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). The optimal cutoff values for the sensitivities and specificities of the test methods for diagnosing TBM with small samples of 10 cases of definite or probable TBM were as follows: ADA &gt; 6.95 U\/L, 70% and 81%; IL-12p40 &gt; 52.04 pg\/mL, 80% and 73%; IL-13 &gt; 0.44 pg\/mL, 90% and 47%; MIP-1\u03b1 &gt; 8.83 pg\/mL, 80% and 62%; soluble PD-1 &gt; 35.87 pg\/mL, 80% and 63%; soluble PD-L1 &gt; 24.19 pg\/mL, 80% and 61%; CSF-MC ELISPOT &gt; 13.5 spots\/250,000 CSF-MC, 30% and 91%; and PBMC ELISPOT &gt; 14 spots\/250,000 PBMCs, 50% and 78%, respectively. Therefore, CSF IL-12p40, IL-13, MIP-1\u03b1, and soluble PD-1 and PD-L1 concentrations appear to be useful adjuncts for diagnosing TBM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,2]],"date-time":"2019-07-02T07:00:41Z","timestamp":1562050841000},"page":"343-349","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Diagnostic Usefulness of Cytokine and Chemokine Levels in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Suspected Tuberculous Meningitis"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Ji-Soo","family":"Kwon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joung Ha","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji Yeun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye Hee","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Jae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong Pil","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Oh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Ho","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun Hee","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong Seo","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Beom","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Ahm","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung-Han","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan 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