{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T12:49:49Z","timestamp":1789562989102,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Enteric fever is a major public health concern in endemic areas, particularly in infrastructure-limited countries where <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Paratyphi A has emerged in increasing proportion of cases. We aimed to evaluate a method to detect <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhi (<jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhi) and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Paratyphi A (<jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Paratyphi A) in febrile patients in Bangladesh. We conducted a prospective study enrolling patients with fever &gt; 38\u00b0C admitted to two large urban hospitals and two outpatient clinics located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We developed and evaluated a method combining short culture with a new molecular assay to simultaneously detect and differentiate <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhi and <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Paratyphi A from other <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> directly from 2 to 4 mL of whole blood in febrile patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 680). A total of 680 cases were enrolled from the four participating sites. An increase in the detection rate (+38.8%) in <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhi and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Paratyphi A was observed with a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, and absence of non-typhoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> detection was reported. All 45 healthy controls were culture and PCR negative, generating an estimated 92.9% of specificity on clinical samples. When clinical performance was assessed in the absence of blood volume prioritization for testing, a latent class model estimates clinical performance \u2265 95% in sensitivity and specificity with likelihood ratio (LR) LR+ &gt; 10 and LR\u2212 &lt; 0.1 for the multiplex PCR assay. The alternative method to blood culture we developed may be useful alone or in combination with culture or serological tests for epidemiological studies in high disease burden settings and should be considered as secondary endpoint test for future vaccine trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T07:00:34Z","timestamp":1562655634000},"page":"513-520","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Clinical Evaluation of a Multiplex PCR for the Detection of Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A from Blood Specimens in a High-Endemic Setting"],"prefix":"10.4269","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Stephane","family":"Pouzol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Pathog\u00e8nes Emergents, Fondation M\u00e9rieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Lyon, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arif Mohammad","family":"Tanmoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation (CHRF), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilruba","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhana","family":"Khanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Abdullah","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Golam Sarower","family":"Bhuyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Developing Science and Health Initiatives (ideSHi), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Fabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Bact\u00e9ries Pathog\u00e8nes Ent\u00e9riques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliet E.","family":"Bryant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Pathog\u00e8nes Emergents, Fondation M\u00e9rieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Lyon, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Paule","family":"Gustin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Pathog\u00e8nes Emergents, Fondation M\u00e9rieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Lyon, France;"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Vanhems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Pathog\u00e8nes Emergents, Fondation M\u00e9rieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Lyon, France;"},{"name":"Service d\u2019Hygi\u00e8ne, Epid\u00e9miologie et Pr\u00e9vention, H\u00f4pital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bill","family":"Carman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fast Track Diagnostics, Esch sur alzette, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier","family":"Weill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Bact\u00e9ries Pathog\u00e8nes Ent\u00e9riques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firdausi","family":"Qadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Health Research Foundation (CHRF), Dhaka, Bangladesh;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Endtz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Pathog\u00e8nes Emergents, Fondation M\u00e9rieux, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Lyon, France;"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2795","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet Glob Health","first-page":"e570","article-title":"Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment","volume":"2","author":"Mogasale","year":"2014"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"J Glob Health","article-title":"Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010","volume":"2","author":"Buckle","year":"2012"},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"e93","article-title":"Burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in a densely populated urban community, Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"14","author":"Naheed","year":"2010"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"326","article-title":"Bacteremic typhoid fever in children 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